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General Veterinary Physiology > Lesson II: The Cell and its Functions > Flashcards

Lesson II: The Cell and its Functions Flashcards

1
Q

is separated from the cytoplasm
by a nuclear membrane

A

nucleus

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2
Q

is separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane, also
called the PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

The different substances that make up the cell are
collectively called

A

protoplasm

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4
Q

Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances:

A

✓ water
✓ electrolytes
✓ proteins
✓ lipids
✓ carbohydrates

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5
Q

The principal fluid medium of the cell, which is present in most cells, except for fat cells, in a concentration of 70 to 85 percent.

A

water

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6
Q

Important ions in the cell include

A

✓ potassium
✓ magnesium
✓ phosphate
✓ sulfate
✓ bicarbonate
✓ and smaller quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium

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7
Q

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

ions

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8
Q

they are necessary for operation of some of
the cellular control mechanisms.

A

ions

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9
Q

acting at the cell membrane are required for transmission of
electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle fibers.

A

ions

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10
Q

the most abundant substances
in most cells

A

proteins

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11
Q

proteins, which normally constitute ___ to ___ percent of the cell mass.

A

10-20 percent

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12
Q

proteins can be divided into two
types:

A

structural and functional proteins

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13
Q

present in the cell mainly in the
form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual protein molecules.

A

structural proteins

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14
Q

a prominent use of such intracellular filaments is to form _________ that provide the __________ of such cellular organelles as ______, _________, the
________, and a tangled mass of thin
__________ that hold the parts of the cytoplasm and
nucleoplasm together in their respective compartments

A

microtubules
cytoskeleton

cilia, nerve axons, mitotic of mitosing cells, filamentous tubules

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15
Q

are found especially in the
collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue and in blood
vessel walls, tendons, ligaments, and so forth

A

fibrillar proteins

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16
Q

are an entirely different type
of protein, usually composed of combinations of a few
molecules in tubular-globular form.

A

functional proteins

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17
Q

are several types of substances that are grouped together because of their common property of
being soluble in fat solvents.

A

lipids

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18
Q

important lipids
are ____________ and ___________ which together constitute only about 2 percent of the total cell mass

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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19
Q

some cells
contain large quantities of triglycerides, also called

A

neutral fat

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20
Q

triglycerides often account for as much
as how many percent of the cell mass.

A

95%

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21
Q

have little structural
function in the cell except as parts of glycoprotein molecules, but they play a major role in nutrition of the cell.

A

carbohydrates

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22
Q

small amount
of carbohydrate is stored in the cells in the form of

A

glycogen

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23
Q

which is an insoluble polymer of glucose that can
be depolymerized and used rapidly to supply the cells’
energy needs.

A

glycogen

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24
Q

The cell is not merely a bag of fluid, enzymes, and chemicals; it also contains highly organized physical structures,
called

A

intracellular organelles

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25
Q

more than 95 percent of the cell’s energy release from nutrients would cease immediately.

A

mitochondria

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26
Q

membranes include;

A

✓ cell membrane
✓ nuclear membrane,
✓membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
✓ membranes of the mitochondria,
✓ lysosomes
✓ Golgi apparatus

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27
Q

for passage of specific substances through
the membrane

A

actual pores

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28
Q

(also called the plasma membrane),
which envelops the cell, is a thin, pliable, elastic structure
only 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick. It is composed almost
entirely of proteins and lipids.

A

cell membrane

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29
Q

The approximate composition is;

A

proteins, 55 percent
phospholipids, 25 percent
cholesterol, 13 percent
other lipids, 4 percent
carbohydrates, 3 percent.

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30
Q

is composed of phospholipid
molecules.

A

basic lipid bilayer

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31
Q

One end of each phospholipid molecule is soluble in water; that is, it is

A

hydrophilic

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32
Q

The other end is
soluble only in fats; that is, it is

A

hydrophobic

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33
Q

The phosphate end of the phospholipid

A

hydrophilic

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34
Q

the fatty
acid portion

A

hydrophobic

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35
Q

The lipid layer in the middle of the membrane is
impermeable to the usual water-soluble substances, such
as;

A

ions, glucose, urea

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36
Q

fat-soluble substances such as; can
penetrate this portion of the membrane with ease.

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide and alcohol

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37
Q

are attached to the protein
molecules on the out side of the membrane and to additional
protein molecules on the inside.

A

carbohydrate moieties

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38
Q

controls much of the fluidity of the membrane as well

A

cholesterol

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39
Q

These are membrane proteins, most of which
are

A

glycoproteins

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40
Q

There are two types of cell membrane
proteins:

A

integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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41
Q

that protrude all the way
through the membrane

A

Integral proteins

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42
Q

that are
attached only to one surface of the membrane and do not
penetrate all the way through.

A

peripheral proteins

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43
Q

through which water molecules and water-soluble substances, especially ions, can diffuse between
the extracellular and intracellular fluids.

A

structural channels or pores

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44
Q

Other integral proteins act as ________for transporting substances that otherwise could not penetrate the
lipid bilayer

A

carrier proteins

45
Q

Sometimes these even transport substances
in the direction opposite to their electrochemical gradients for diffusion, which is called?

A

active transport

46
Q

can also serve as receptors for water-soluble chemicals, such as peptide hormones,that do not easily penetrate the cell membrane.

A

integral membrane proteins

47
Q

Interaction
of cell membrane receptors with specific _________ that bind
to the receptor causes conformational changes in the
receptor protein

A

ligands

48
Q

enzymatically activates the
intracellular part of the protein or induces interactions
between the receptor and proteins in the cytoplasm that act as

A

second messenger

49
Q

thereby relaying the signal from
the extracellular part of the receptor to the interior of the
cell.

A

second messengers

50
Q

spanning the cell membrane provide a means of conveying information about
the environment to the cell interior.

A

Integral proteins

51
Q

moecules are often attached to
the integral proteins.

A

peripheral proteins

52
Q

enzymes or as controllers of transport
of substances through the cell membrane “pores ”

A

peripheral proteins

53
Q

Membrane carbohydrates occur almost invariably in
combination with proteins or lipids in the form of

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

54
Q

most of the integral proteins

A

glycoproteins

55
Q

one tenth of the membrane
lipid molecules are

A

glycolipids

56
Q

which are mainly carbohydrate substances bound
to small protein cores—are loosely attached to the outer
surface of the cell as well.

A

proteoglycans

57
Q

loose carbohydrate coat

A

glycocalyx

58
Q

is filled with both minute and large dispersed particles and organelles.

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

clear fluid portion
of the cytoplasm in which the particles are dispersed

A

cytosol

60
Q

cytosol contains mainly dissolved;

A

proteins,
electrolytes, and glucose.

61
Q

Dispersed in the cytoplasm are

A

neutral fat globules,
glycogen granules, ribosomes, secretory vesicles

62
Q

five
especially important organelles:

A

✓ Endoplasmic reticulum
✓ Golgi apparatus
✓ Mitochondria
✓ Lysosome
✓ Peroxisomes

63
Q

their walls are constructed of
lipid bilayer membranes that contain large amounts of
proteins, similar to the cell membrane.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

a watery medium that is different from the fluid in the cytosol outside the endoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic matrix

65
Q

show that the space inside the endoplasmic reticulum is connected with the space between the two
membrane surfaces of the nuclear membrane.

A

electron micrographs

66
Q

Attached to the outer surfaces of many parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are large numbers of minute granular
particles

A

ribosome

67
Q

when these are present, reticulum is called the?

A

granular endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

are composed of a mixture of RNA and
proteins, and they function to synthesize new protein
molecules in the cel

A

ribosomes

69
Q

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes. This part
is called the

A

agranular, or smooth, endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

are similar physically to lysosomes, but they
are different in two important ways.

A

peroxisome

71
Q

another oxidase enzyme present in large quantities in peroxisomes, to oxidize many substances that might otherwise be poisonous to the cell

A

catalase

72
Q

small
“transport vesicles” (lalso called

A

endoplasmic reticulum vesicles

73
Q

are vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus and then dispersing throughout the cytoplasm

A

lysosomes

74
Q

The
lysosomes provide an ____________ that
allows the cell to digest (1) damaged cellular structures,
(2) food particles that have been ingested by the cell,
and (3) unwanted matter such as bacteria

A

intracellular digestive system

75
Q

is capable of splitting an organic compound into two or more parts by combining hydrogen from a water molecule with one part of the compound and combining the
hydroxyl portion of the water molecule with the other
part of the compound.

A

hydrolytic enzymes

76
Q

protein is hydrolyzed to form

A

amino acids

77
Q

glycogen is hydrolyzed to form

A

glucose

78
Q

lipids are hydrolyzed to form

A

fatty acids and glycerol

79
Q

Almost all such secretory
substances are formed by the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus system and are then released from the
Golgi apparatus into the cytoplasm in the form of stor-
age vesicles called

A

secretory vesicles or secretory granules

80
Q

secreted later through the outer cell membrane into the
pancreatic duct and thence into the duodenum, where
they become activated and perform digestive functions
on the food in the intestinal tract.

A

proenzymes

81
Q

called the “powerhouses” of the cell.

A

mitochondria

82
Q

are concentrated in those portions of the cell that
are responsible for the major share of its energy metabolism.

A

mitochondria

83
Q

composed mainly of two lipid bilayer–
protein membranes

A

outer and inner membrane

84
Q

The liberated energy is
used to synthesize a “high-energy” substance called

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

85
Q

are self-replicative, which means that
one mitochondrion can form a second one, a third one,
and soon, whenever there is a need in the cell for increased
amounts of ATP.

A

mitochondria

86
Q

is the basic chemical of the nucleus that
controls replication of the cell.

A

DNA

87
Q

The precursor molecules then polymerize to form

A

filaments

88
Q

large numbers of actin filaments
frequently occur in the outer zone of the cytoplasm,
called the

A

ectoplasm

89
Q

A special type of stiff filament composed of polymerized tubulin molecules is used in all cells to construct strong tubular structures

A

microtubules

90
Q

both the centrioles and the mitotic spindle of the mitosing cell are composed

A

stiff microtubules

91
Q

primary function of microtubules is to act as a

A

cytoskeleton

92
Q

providing rigid physical structures for certain parts of cells.

A

cytoskeleton

93
Q

the control center of the cell

A

nucleus

94
Q

nucleus contains large quantities of DNA

A

genes

95
Q

determine the characteristics of the
cell’s proteins, including the structural proteins, as well
as the intracellular enzymes that control cytoplasmic and
nuclear activities.

A

genes

96
Q

nuclear membrane, also called

A

nuclear envelope

97
Q

The nuclear membrane is penetrated by several thousand

A

nuclear pores

98
Q

The nuclei of most cells contain one or more highly staining structures called

A

nucleoli

99
Q

(1) the smallest known virus, (2) a large virus, (3)
a rickettsia, (4) a bacterium, and (5) a nucleated cell,

A
100
Q

The essential life-giving constituent of the small virus is a

A

nucleic acid

101
Q

is composed of the same basic nucleic acid constituents
(DNA or RNA) found in mammalian cells, and it is capable
of reproducing itself under appropriate conditions

A

nucleic acid

102
Q

Most substances pass through the cell membrane by

A

diffusion and active transport

103
Q

involves simple movement through the membrane caused by the random motion of the molecules of the substance; substances move either through
cell membrane pores or, in the case of lipid-soluble substances, through the lipid matrix of the membrane.

A

diffusion

104
Q

involves the actual carrying of a substance through the membrane by a physical protein.structure that penetrates all the way through the membrane.

A

active transport

105
Q

Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called

A

endocytosis

106
Q

The principal forms of endocytosis are

A

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

107
Q

means ingestion
of large particles, such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions
of degenerating tissue.

A

phagocytosis

108
Q

means ingestion of minute particles that form
vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents
inside the cell cytoplasm

A

pinocytosis

General Veterinary Physiology (9 decks)

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