Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Veterinary Physiology > Lesson I: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" > Flashcards

Lesson I: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" Flashcards

1
Q

goal of physiology

A

to explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Example of complex control system

A

✓ hunger makes us seek food
✓ fear makes us seek refuge
✓ Sensations of cold make us look
for warmth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

basic living unit of the body

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

numbering 25 trillion in each human being, transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the most abundant of any single type of cell in the body

A

red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____________ being transported from the cells to the __________ to be excreted,
plus other cellular waste products that are being transported to the _______£ for excretion

A

oxygen
lungs
kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The intracellular fluid differs significantly from the extracellular fluid; for example, it contains large amounts
of;

A

potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Special mechanisms for transporting ions through the cell membranes maintain the _________________.

A

ion concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

__________reacts with ___________, ____, and _________ to release the energy required for cell function.

A

oxygen
carbohydrate
fat
protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

deliver endproducts of their chemical reactions into the surrounding
fluids

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

also have the ability to reproduce
additional cells of their own kind

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many percent of the adult human body is fluid, mainly a water solution of ions and other substances

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

constant motion throughout the body. It is transportedrapidly in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and the tissue fluids by diffusion through thecapillary walls

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are the ions and nutrients needed by the cells to maintain cell life

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_________ capable of living, growing, and performing their special functions as long as the proper concentrations of ________, _______, ________ , ________, ____________, and
other constituents are available in this internal
environment

A

cells
oxygen, glucose, different ions, amino acids, fatty substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The extracellular fluid contains
large amounts of _________, _________, and __________ plus nutrients for the cells, such as _________, ________, ________, and ___________. It also contains carbon dioxide that is

A

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions

oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

transported through all parts
of thebody in two stages

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 stages in extracellular fluid

A

✓ movement of blood through the body in the blood vessels
✓ movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the
intercellular spaces between the tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A large portion of the bloodpumped by the heart also passes through
the walls

A

gastrointestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

each time the blood passes through the body, it also flows throughthe lungs. The blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli, thusacquiring the oxygen needed by the cells.

A

respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

different dissolved nutrients including;

A

carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are
absorbed from the ingested food into the extracellularfluid of the blood.

A

carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the musculo -
skeletal system contribute to homeostasis?

A

✓ the body could not move to the
appropriate place at the appropriate time to obtain the foods required for nutrition
✓ The musculoskeletal system also provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings,
without which the entire body, along with its
homeostatic mechanisms, could be destroyed
instantaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Removal of Carbon Dioxide by the Lungs

A

At the
sametime that blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the
lung alveoli; therespiratory movement of air into and out of the lungs carries the carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the most abundant of all the end products of metabolism

A

carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

kidney

A

Passage of the blood through the
kidneysremoves from the plasma most of the other substances besides carbon dioxide that are not needed by the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

These substances include different end products of cellular metabolism, such as

A

urea and uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

filtering large quantities of plasma through the glomeruli into thetubules and then reabsorbing into the blood those sub stances needed by the
body, such as glucose, amino acids,appropriate amounts of water, and many of the ions

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

detoxification or removal of many drugs and chemicals that areingested

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

secretes many of these wastes into thebile to be eventually eliminated in the feces

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nervous system is composed of three major parts:

A

✓ sensory input portion
✓ central nervous system
✓ motor output portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

detect the state of the bodyor the state of the surroundings

A

sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

can store information, generate thoughts, create ambition, and determine reactions that the body performs in response to the sen sations

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

An important segment of the nervous system

A

autonomic system

36
Q

It operates at a subconscious leveland controls many functions of the internal organs, includ ing the level of pumping
activity by the heart, movementsof the
gastrointestinal tract, and secretion by many of the
body’sglands

A

autonomic system

37
Q

are transported in the extra cellular fluid to all parts of the body to help regulate cellular function

A

hormones

38
Q

increases the rates of most chemical reactions in all cells, thus help ing to set the tempo of bodily activity

A

thyroid hormone

39
Q

controls glucose metabolism

A

insulin

40
Q

control sodium ion, potassium ion, and protein metabolism

A

adrenocortical hormone

41
Q

controls bone calcium and phosphate

A

parathyroid hormone

42
Q

provide a system for regulation that complements the nervous system

A

hormones

43
Q

regulates many muscular and secretory activities of the body, whereas the hormonal system regulatesmany metabolic functions

A

nervous system

44
Q

consists of the white blood cells, tissue cells derived from white blood cells, the thymus,
lymph nodes, and lymph vessels that protect the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses,
parasites, and fungi

A

immune system

45
Q

The immune system
provides a mechanism for the body to;

A

(1) distinguish its own cells fromforeign cells and
substances
(2) destroy the invaderby
phagocytosis or by producing sensitized lymphocytes orspecialized proteins (e.g., antibodies) that either destroyor neutralize the
invader.

46
Q

The skin and its various appendages, including the hair, nails, glands, and other structures, cover, cushion, and protect the deeper tissuesand organs of the body and
generally provide a bound ary between the body’s internal environment and the outside world.

A

integumentary system

47
Q

integumentary system

A

important for temperature regulation and excretion of wastes and it provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment. The skin generally comprises about 12 to 15 percent of body
weight.

48
Q

not considered a homeostatic function

A

reproduction

49
Q

help maintain homeo stasis by generating new beings to take the place of those that are dying

A

reproduction

50
Q

that operate in all cells to help control intracellular func tion and extracellular functions

A

genetic control system

51
Q

regulates the concentration of carbon dioxide in
the extracellular fluid

A

nervous system

52
Q

regulatethe concentration of glucose in the extracellular fluid

A

liver and pancreas

53
Q

regulate concentrations of hydrogen,sodium, potassium,
phosphate, and other ions in the extracellular
fluid.

A

kidney

54
Q

one of the major substances required forchemical reactions in the cells

A

oxygen

55
Q

present in all red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

56
Q

Hemoglobin combines with oxygen as the blood passes through the lungs. Then, as the blood passes through the tissue capillaries, hemoglobin, because of its own strong chemical affinity for
oxygen, does not release oxygen into the tissue fluid if too much oxygen is already there. But if the oxygen concentration in the tissue fluid is too low, sufficientoxygen is released to re-establish an adequate concentration. Thus, regulation of oxygen concentration in the tissues is vested principally in the chemical characteristics of hemoglobin itself. This regulation is called?

A

oxygen-buffering function of
hemoglobin

57
Q

is a major end product of the oxidative reactions in cells

A

carbon dioxide

58
Q

is a simple and excellent example of a
rapidly acting control mechanism

A

baroreceptor system

59
Q

which are stimulated by stretch of
the arterial wall

A

baroreceptors

60
Q

which in turn decreases the number of impulses transmitted from the vasomotor center through the sym pathetic nervous system to the heart and blood vessels

A

vasomotor center

61
Q

a decrease in arterial pressure
below normal relaxes the stretch receptors, allowing the vasomotor center to become more
active than usual, thereby causing?

A

vasoconstriction and increased heart pumping

62
Q

Values outside these
ranges are usually caused by

A

illness

63
Q

another important factor is the ___________ because whenever it
decreases to less than one-third normal, a person is likely to be paralyzed as a result of the nerves’ inability to carry signals

A

potassium ion concentration

64
Q

if the potassium ion concentration increases to two or more times normal, the heart muscle is likely to be

A

severely depressed

65
Q

when the calcium ion concentration falls below about one-half normal, a person is likely to experience tetanic contraction of muscles throughout the body because of the spontaneous generation of excess nerve impulses in the peripheral nerves

A
66
Q

When the glucose concentration falls below one half normal, a person frequently develops extreme mental
irritability and sometimes even convulsions

A
67
Q

a high
concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluidincreases

A

pulmonary ventilation

68
Q

the high concentration of carbon dioxide initiates events that decrease the concentration toward normal, which is ___________ to theinitiating stimulus

A

negative

69
Q

if the carbon dioxide concentration
falls too low, this causes feedback to

A

increase the concentration

70
Q

ahigh pressure causes a series of
reactions that promotea lowered pressure, or a low pressure causes a series ofreactions that promote an elevated pressure

A
71
Q

if some factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control system initiates

A

negative feedback

72
Q

which consists of a series of
changes that returnthe factor toward a certain mean value, thus maintaininghomeostasis

A

negative feedback

73
Q

The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant con ditions is determined by the

A

gain of the negative feedback

74
Q

Positive Feedback Can Sometimes Cause

A

Vicious Cycles and death

75
Q

is caused by positive feedback when
2 liters of blood are removed.

A

death

76
Q

the initiating stimulus causes more of the same

A

positive feedback

77
Q

is better known as a “vicious
cycle

A

positive feedback

78
Q

is an example of a valuable use of positive feedback

A

blood clotting

79
Q

When a blood vessel is ruptured anda clot begins to form, multiple enzymes called?

A

clotting factors

80
Q

are activated within the clot itself

A

clotting factors

81
Q

is another instance in which
positive feed back plays a valuable role

A

childbirth

82
Q

positive feedback “childbirth”

A

When uterine contractions become strong enough for the baby’s head to begin push ing through the cervix, stretch of the cervix sends signal through the uterine muscle back to the body of the uterus, causing even more powerful contractions. Thus, the uterine contractions stretch the cervix and the cervical stretch causes stronger contractions. When this process becomespowerful enough, the baby is born. If it is not powerfulenough, the
contractions usually die out and a few dayspass before they begin again.

83
Q

Another important use of positive feedback is for thegeneration of nerve signals

A

That is, when the membrane of a nerve fiber is stimulated, this causes slight leakage of sodium ions through sodium channels in the nerve membrane to the fiber’s interior. The sodium ions entering the fiber then change the membrane potential, which in turn causes more opening of channels, more change of potential, still more opening of channels, and so forth.Thus, aslight leak becomes an explosion of sodium entering the interior of the
lnerve fiber, which creates the nerve action potential. This action potential in turn causes electrical current to flow along both the outside and the inside of the fiber and initiates additional action
potentials. This process continues again and again
until the nerve signalgoes all the way to the end of
the fiber.

84
Q

the positive feedback itself is part of an overall negative feed back process. For example;

A

✓ in the case of blood clotting,the positive feedback clotting process is a negative feed back process for maintenance of normal blood volume.
✓ Also, the positive feedback that causes nerve signals allows the nerves to participate in thousands of
negative feedback nervous control systems.

85
Q

simple feed-
functional structure contributes its share to the
maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid,which is called?

A

internal environment

86
Q

in a sense, is delayed negative feedback.

A

adaptive control

General Veterinary Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions