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Philosophy > Reviewer > Flashcards

Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

whatever is; whatever is not is not. Everything is its own being, and not being is not being.

A

Principle of Identity

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2
Q

it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time.

A

Principle of Non-Contradiction

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3
Q

a thing is either is or is not; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible.

A

Principle of Excluded Middle

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4
Q

nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence.

A

Principle of Sufficient Reason

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5
Q

Branches of Philosophy

A

Metaphysics
Ethics
Epistemology
Aesthetics

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6
Q

*It is an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real.
*A metaphysician’s task is to explain that part of our experience which we call unreal in terms of what we call real.
*We try to make things comprehensible by simplifying or reducing the mass of things we call appearance to a relatively fewer number of things we call reality.

A

Metaphysics

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7
Q

He claims that everything we experience is water (“reality”) and everything else is “appearance.”

We try to explain everything else (appearance) in terms of water (reality).

A

*Thales

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8
Q
  • Their theories are based on unobservable entities: mind and matter.
  • They explain the observable in terms of the unobservable.
A

Idealist and Materialist

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9
Q
  • Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real.
  • Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect.
  • Plato calls these realities as ideas of forms.
A

*Plato

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10
Q

*It explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions.
*It is a study of the nature of moral judgments.
*Philosophical ethics attempts to provide an account of our fundamental ethical ideas.
*It insists that obedience to moral law be given a rational foundation.

A

Ethics

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11
Q
  • To be happy is to live a virtuous life.
  • Virtue is an awakening of the seeds of good deeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart of a person which can be achieved through self-knowledge.
    advocated the knowledge of the self as the foundation of knowing.
    He argued that the “unexamined life is not worth living.”
    “I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is that I know nothing.”
A

*Socrates

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12
Q
  • An African-American who wanted equal rights for the blacks.
  • His philosophy uses the same process as Hegel’s dialectic (Thesis > Antithesis > Synthesis).
A

*William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

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13
Q

*It deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge.
*It explains: (1) how we know what we claim to know; (2) how we can find out what we wish to know; and (3) how we can differentiate truth from falsehood.
*It addresses varied problems: the reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge; truth; language; and science and scientific knowledge.

A

Epistemology

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14
Q
  • gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched
  • forms general ideas through the examination of particular facts
A

Induction

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15
Q

advocates of induction method

A

Empiricist

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16
Q

is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience.

A

Empiricism

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17
Q

gives importance to general law from which particular facts are understood or judged.

A

Deduction

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18
Q

For a rationalist, real knowledge is based on the logic, the laws, and the methods that reason develops.

A

Rationalist – advocates of deduction method

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19
Q

the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.

A

Pragmatism

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20
Q

One of the successors of Aristotle and founder of Stoicism

A

Zeno of Citium

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21
Q

*It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations – including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly.
*It is important because of the following:
- It vitalizes our knowledge. It makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful.
- It helps us to live more deeply and richly. A work of art helps us to rise from purely physical existence into the realm of intellect and the spirit.
§It brings us in touch with our culture. The answers of great minds in the past to the great problems of human life are part of our culture.

A

Aesthetics

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22
Q
  • A German philosopher who argues that our tastes and judgments regarding beauty work in connection with one’s own personal experience and culture.
  • Our culture consists of the values and beliefs of our time and our society.
A

*Hans-Georg Gadamer

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23
Q

studies the existence and nature of God through human reason alone without the aid of faith and sacred scriptures. It ask the questions, “is there a God? How does be exist? What is his nature?”

A

Theodicy or Natural Theology

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24
Q

s the study of the nature of matter / corporeal entities. It is also the study of the origin and nature of the universe. It asks questions like, “what makes up matter? What is the minutest component of matter? What are the characteristic and properties of matter? What is quantity? What makes things quantifiable? What is the origin of the universe?”

A

Cosmology

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25
Q

studies the origin of life, the nature of the soul as the principle / cause / source of life.

A

Rational Psychology or Philosophical Psychology

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26
Q

is the science and art of correct thinking.

A

Logic

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27
Q

is the study of human values.

A

Axiology

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28
Q

is the study of duty

A

Deontology

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29
Q

is the study of meaning of words and sentences.

A

Semantics

30
Q

is the study of the nature of human person. It asks the question, “what makes man truly human? What is the meaning of his / her existence? What is the purpose of his / her life? Where is he / she heading?”

A

Philosophy of the Human Person

31
Q

is the study of how society should be organized and gorverned. It asks the questions, “who should rule? What is the relationship between power and authority? What is the nature and purpose of law? What are freedom, order, human rights and justice all about?”

A

Political Philosophy

32
Q

is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the foundation of science, its epistemology, and methods of inquiry, and the reliability of scientific theories generated.

A

Philosophy of Science

33
Q

is the study of a religion or religions and its concepts and beliefs through philosophical enquiry or critism. It asks question. “Is religious faith reasonable or not? What the functions does religion serve today? What are the similarities and dissimilarities of religions? Can humanity flourish without religion? What contributions does religion give to humanity and to civilization? Why is there evil and suffering in world? Is there a God? Is God good? Can God be known by reason?”

A

Philosophy of Religion

34
Q

is a branch of philosophy that is dedicated to the influence of technology to human lives and social effects.

A

the Philosophy of technology

35
Q

is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the implication of man’s exploitation of the natural resources and the methods of its exploitation.

A

The Philosophy of the Environment

36
Q

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS:

A

A. What is there?

B. What can be known?

C. How could life be lived?

D. What is good reasoning?

37
Q
  • First philosopher to devise a logical method
  • Truth means the agreement of knowledge with reality.
  • Logical reasoning makes us certain that our conclusions are true.
    -emphasized good reasoning as the foundation of knowledge
A

*Aristotle

38
Q

SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE:

A

Induction
Deduction
Rationalist
Pragmatism

39
Q

maintained that man is a center of all things and thus, the measure of everything.

A

Protagoras

40
Q

man’s existence is defined by the ability of the intellect to know a prior.

A

Immanuel Kant

41
Q

something can be known without the presence of experience, sensation, or perception.

A

Priori

42
Q

thoughts or reality is moving dialectically

A

Hegel

43
Q

Known as the father of existentialism - man cannot be placed as a “cog in a machine” or a part of a system. He is not a robot or an automaton who can be programmed to do tasks as scheduled.

A

Soren Kierkegaard

44
Q

a defect [mistake or error] in an argument but the defect is anything other than merely having false premises.

A

FALLACY

45
Q

the mistake is in the form or structure of an argument.

A

Formal Fallacies

46
Q

the mistake is in the content of an argument

A

Informal Fallacies

47
Q

Five Types of Informal Fallacies:

A
  1. Fallacies of Relevance
  2. Fallacies of Weak Induction
  3. Fallacies of Presumption
  4. Fallacies of Ambiguity
  5. Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy
48
Q
  • the premises are not logically relevant to the conclusion.
A

FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE

49
Q

This fallacy is committed whenever the person giving the argument in some way THREATENS the listener, and this threat is the reason supplied for why the listener should believe the conclusion (rather than some premises that are actually relevant).
- In short, the Appeal to Force fallacy is one where a threat REPLACES evidence.

For example:
I guess you will be testifying that I am innocent tomorrow. After all, neither of us wants anything to happen to your children, do we?—————–
The “evidence” supplied to support this conclusion is merely a threat to the well-being of the listener’s children.

A

Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)

50
Q

This fallacy is committed whenever someone tries to support a conclusion by evoking pity, rather than by supplying evidence that is actually relevant to the conclusion.
- the pity evoked in the listener replaces the evidence in the “Appeal to Pity” fallacy.
Student to Professor: “But, I really NEED to pass this class. I need this class in order to graduate this semester, and I can’t afford to pay for more classes in the future. I already work 60 hours a week and support four children all by myself, and I’m barely scraping by as it is. You should give me a passing grade.”

A

Appeal to Pity (argumentum ad misericordiam)

51
Q

committed whenever the cause of the listener’s acceptance of the conclusion is that they are made to feel like they are a PART OF something special (that they admire, value, envy, etc.), or else because they WANT to be a part of something special.
- In short, the speaker in some way APPEALS to the listener, or else makes the conclusion sound APPEALING.

A

Appeal to the People (argumentum ad populum)

52
Q

4 kinds of ad populum

A

Appeal to the People (Direct)
Appeal to the People (Indirect; Bandwagon Argument)
Appeal to the People (Indirect; Appeal to Vanity)
Appeal to the People (Indirect; Snoberry)

53
Q
  • This fallacy is committed whenever someone, rather than providing EVIDENCE for their view, merely resorts to attacking their listener instead. - PERSONALLY ATTACKS
A

Argument Against the Person (argumentum ad hominem)

54
Q

3 kinds of ad hominem

A

Argument Against the Person (Abusive):
Argument Against the Person (Circumstantial
Argument Against the Person (“You Too”, tu quoque)

55
Q

This occurs whenever someone, rather than supplying REASONS for why someone is mistaken, instead merely tries to make that person seem like a hypocrite.

A

Argument Against the Person (“You Too”, tu quoque)

56
Q

General rules often have exceptions. This fallacy is committed whenever someone misapplies a general rule to one of the cases that is an exception.
POLICE OFFICER: “Are you lost? Where’s your Mom and Dad? Talk to me.”
CHILD: “I can’t talk to strangers.”’————–
The child comes to the conclusion that he should not speak to the police officer— not realizing that this particular scenario is an exception to the rule to not talk to strangers.

A

Accident

57
Q
  • This fallacy is committed whenever someone, in order to attack an opponent, attacks some WEAKER, DISTORTED VERSION of their opponent’s argument, rather than the actual argument, the opponent is giving.
  • This often involves twisting an opponent’s words to be saying something much more absurd or ridiculous than they are actually saying.
  • This ridiculous claim is much easier to refute, and (once it is refuted), the speaker then concludes that they have refuted their opponent’s ACTUAL argument.
    PEGGY: “I’m just saying that nuclear energy would provide a lot of energy in a clean way, so we should at least consider it as an option.”
    SUE: “Oh, so you’re in favor of nuclear war? Is that what you want? For all of the countries to be nuking each other until we’re all dead? How ridiculous!”
A

Straw Man

58
Q
  • This fallacy is committed whenever someone takes certain premises which support ONE particular conclusion, and—rather than draw THAT conclusion—they instead draw a DIFFERENT (but somewhat related) conclusion instead; and it is one that the premises do NOT support.
  • The fact that the mistaken conclusion is loosely related to the real conclusion that the premises ACTUALLY support often makes the mistake persuasive and difficult to detect.
    PEGGY: There is so much welfare corruption! They found out that some people are using welfare checks for drugs and gambling.
    SUE: I know! We should just get rid of the welfare program!– The fact that some abuse the welfare system does not entail that the entire system should be abolished. Rather, it points to the need for reform and stricter regulations that would prevent such abuse.
A

Missing the Point

59
Q
  • This fallacy is committed whenever someone proposes that some conclusion is true because someone who is NOT an authority on the subject SAID it was true.
  • Arguer cites an untrustworthy authority.
    For instance:
    Dr. Alex Santos, our child’s pediatrician, has stated that the creation of muonic atoms of deuterium and tritium hold the key to producing a sustained nuclear fusion reaction at room temperature. In view of Dr. Santos’ expertise as a pediatrician, we must conclude that this is indeed true.
    This conclusion deals with nuclear physics, and the authority is a pediatrician. The argument commits an appeal to unqualified authority.
A

Appeal to Unqualified Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam)

60
Q
  • This fallacy is committed whenever someone concludes that either
    (a) because they can’t see how something could be true, it must be false, or
    (b) because they can’t see how something could be false, it must be true.
  • In short, this fallacy occurs when someone uses their own IGNORANCE about something as evidence for some CONCLUSION.
  • Premises report that nothing is known or proved about some subject, and then a conclusion is drawn about that subject.
    For instance,
    No one has ever been able to prove the existence of extrasensory perception. We must therefore conclude that extrasensory perception does not exist.
A

Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)

61
Q
  • This fallacy is committed whenever someone draws a conclusion about a WHOLE group after examining only SOME of the members of that group.
  • General conclusion is drawn from an atypical sample.
    For instance:
    I’ve met three dogs and all of them were friendly. So, all dogs are friendly.————
    Three dogs are simply not a large enough sample set to draw a general conclusion about ALL dogs.
A

Hasty Generalization (converse accident)

62
Q

maintained that man is a center of all things and thus, the measure of everything.

A

Protagoras

63
Q

advocated the knowledge of the self as the foundation of knowing.
He argued that the “unexamined life is not worth living.”
“I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is that I know nothing.”

A

Socrates

64
Q

man is an embodied soul. He believed that man has its existence first in the world of ideas of which his existence is embodied in the physical world.

A

Plato

65
Q

emphasized good reasoning as the foundation of knowledge

A

Aristotle

66
Q

man’s existence is defined by the ability of the intellect to know a prior.

A

Immanuel Kant

67
Q

something can be known without the presence of experience, sensation, or perception.

A

Priori

68
Q

thoughts or reality is moving dialectically

A

Hegel

69
Q

nothing is without sufficient reason. He reasoned that the world of experience is a phenomenal world. For him, “science signifies a system of objects known,” not just groups of presentations.

A

Arthur Shopenhauer’s

70
Q

Known as the father of existentialism - man cannot be placed as a “cog in a machine” or a part of a system. He is not a robot or an automaton who can be programmed to do tasks as scheduled.

A

Soren Kierkegaard

71
Q

is not so much of a philosophical system. - very much against any system
Main stream is its propagation against anything that curtails human freedom or anything that diminishes man’s expression of himself.
known for its diversity in its attempt to elucidate on the questions about the meaning of life.

A

Existentialism

72
Q

a student is not just a student, for a pure student does not exist after all. What we have is a student who wants to be somebody else.
“his essence must be conceived in terms of its existence”

A

Heidegger

Philosophy (3 decks)

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