Four Fundamental questions Flashcards

1
Q

Four Fundamental questions in philosophy

A

What Is There?
What Can Be Known?
How Should Life Be Lived?
What Is Good Reasoning?

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2
Q

METAPHYSICS
Metaphysics deals with the fundamental nature of reality and being. It seeks to answer what constitutes a thing. Its causes and effects; hence, what causes a cause.
Seeks to answer the nature of reality. It asks questions about what makes things as they are or what makes a human being truly human. Why do things exist? What is their purpose? What are they made of? Where do they come from?

A

What is there

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3
Q
  • Derived from the Greek meta ta physika (“after the things of nature”); referring to an idea, doctrine, or posited reality outside of human sense perception.
  • is a type of philosophy or study that uses broad concepts to help define reality and our understanding of it.
A

Metaphysics

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4
Q

Metaphysics Philosopher

A

Thales
Plato

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5
Q

He claims that everything we experience is water (“reality”) and everything else is “appearance.”

Aristotle’s lines in Metaphysics indicate his understanding that Thales believed that, because water was the permanent entity, the earth floats on water.

________ may have reasoned that as a modification of water, earth must be the lighter substance, and floating islands do exist.

A

Metaphysics
Thales

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6
Q
  • Their theories are based on unobservable entities: mind and matter.
  • They explain the observable in terms of the unobservable.
A

Metaphsics
Idealist and Materialist

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7
Q
  • “Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real.”
  • Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect.
  • calls these realities as ideas of forms
A

Metaphysics
Plato

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8
Q

reality (Being) must be eternal and unchanging (therefore not the same as the world of our experience.)

A

Parmenides

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9
Q

world of our experience is constantly changing.

A

Heraclitus

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10
Q
  • Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and grounds of knowledge. From the Greek episteme, meaning ‘knowledge’
  • It seeks to answer fundamental questions about what knowledge is, how we acquire it, and how we can distinguish between knowledge and mere belief or opinion.
A

What can be known?

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11
Q

EPISTEMOLOGY

A
  1. Induction
    -Empiricist
    -Empiricsm
  2. Deduction
  3. Rationalist- advocates of deduction method
  4. Pragmatism
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12
Q
  • gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched
  • forms general ideas through the examination of particular facts
A

Induction

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13
Q

advocates of induction method

A

Empiricist

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14
Q

is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience.

A

Empiricism

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15
Q

gives importance to general law from which particular facts are understood or judged.

A

Deduction

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16
Q

real knowledge is based on the logic, the laws, and the methods that reason develops.

A

Rationalist – advocates of deduction method

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17
Q

the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.

A

Pragmatism

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18
Q

EXAMPLE OF EPISTEMOLOGY
IN REAL LIFE

A

Changing password
Decision Making
Critical Thinking
Validating News

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19
Q

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions of morality, distinguishing between right and wrong actions, and exploring the principles and values that guide human behavior. It examines the nature of ethical judgments and seeks to provide a framework for making morally sound decisions.

It discusses various ethical theories, including utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and more.

A

How should life be lived?

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20
Q

3 Branches of Ethics

A
  • Meta-Ethics
    -Moral Realism
    -Moral Anti-Realism
  • Normative Ethics
  • Applied Ethics
21
Q

-is the study of moral thought and moral language. Rather than addressing questions about what practices are right and wrong, and what our obligations to other people or future generations, _________ asks what morality actually is.

A

Meta-Ethics

22
Q

is the view that there are facts of the matter about which actions are right and which wrong, and about which things are good and which bad.

A

Moral realism

23
Q

postulates that there are not any objective moral values, but that moral and ethical values are attitudes held by individuals. Things are made right and wrong by our social context, and not much is strictly right or wrong in an objective sense.

A

Moral anti-realism

24
Q
  • is the study of how we ought to act, morally speaking. It deals with questions about what is right and wrong, good and bad.
A

Normative Ethics

25
Q

is a branch of ethics that deals with practical and real-life moral issues. It involves the application of ethical principles to specific situations and contexts. It also called practical ethics, it attempts to answer the question of how people should act in specific situations.

A

Applied Ethics

26
Q

-Philosopher Aristotle, emphasizes the development of virtuous character traits and the cultivation of moral virtues.

-Aristotle said that life should be lived virtuously, striving for eudaimonia, which is often translated as “flourishing” or “well-being.”

A

Virute Ethics

27
Q

is the ultimate goal of life, representing a state of flourishing, happiness, and well-being that arises from living virtuously.

A

Eudalmonia

28
Q

philosopher like Marcus Aurelius, teaches that the key to a good life lies in cultivating wisdom, courage, self-discipline, and resilience in the face of adversity. Recognise what you can and cannot control.

A

Stoicism

29
Q

-philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and personal responsibility. It argues that life lacks inherent meaning, and individuals must create their own meaning through their choices and actions.

A

Existentlialism

30
Q

-This ethical theory, associated with philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, argues that the best way to live life is to maximize overall happiness or pleasure and minimize suffering.

A

Utilitarianism

31
Q

-This perspective suggests by David Pearce that the ultimate goal of life is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

A

Hedonism

32
Q

The good life, according to Kant, involves acting in a way that respects the inherent worth of each individual.

A

Deontology

33
Q

Logic is a branch of philosophy that deals with the principles validating our reasoning. It came from the greek word logos which means word, discourse, or reason. It is not enough that our reasoning is correct, but most of all, it should also be valid.

Throughout the history of philosophy, from ancient Greece to modern times, the study of logic has played a central role in the pursuit of understanding and rational discourse.

A

What is good reasong

34
Q

KEY CONCEPTS IN LOGIC

A
  • Propositions
  • Arguments
  • Validity
  • soundness
  • deductive reasoning
  • inductive reasoning
35
Q

The fundamental ideas and principles within the field of logic that are essential to understanding and applying logical reasoning.

A

Key Concepts in Logic

36
Q

are statements or assertions that can be either true or false. In logic, propositions are used as the basic units of analysis, and logical reasoning often involves evaluating the truth or falsity of propositions.

A

Propositions

37
Q

consist of one or more propositions called premises, which are intended to support or provide evidence for another proposition called the conclusion.

A

Arguments

38
Q

refers to the property of an argument in which the conclusion logically follows from the premises. If an argument is valid, it means that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

A

Validity

39
Q

is a higher standard than validity. An argument is sound if it is valid, and all of its premises are true. A sound argument not only has a logically correct structure but also relies on true premises, ensuring the truth of the conclusion.

A

Soundness

40
Q

is a form of logical inference in which specific conclusions are drawn from general premises. _____________reasoning aims to guarantee the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true.

A

Deductive reasoning

41
Q

involves making generalizations based on specific observations or evidence. Unlike deductive reasoning, _____________ are probabilistic and may not guarantee truth.

A

Inductive Reasoning

42
Q
A
43
Q

Refers to the ongoing importance and applicability of logical reasoning and principles in the field of philosophy in the modern era. It highlights how logic continues to play a crucial role in addressing current philosophical questions, challenges, and debates.

A

CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF LOGIC IN PHILOSOPHY

44
Q

CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF LOGIC IN PHILOSOPHY

A
  • PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
  • EPISTEMOLOGY
  • METAPHYSICS
  • ETHICS
45
Q

and logic are closely connected fields. Logic provides tools for analyzing the structure of language, assessing the truth and validity of statements, and understanding the relationship between language and thought.

A

Philosophy of Language

46
Q

, logic helps assess the rationality of beliefs and the nature of knowledge. Questions about induction, deduction, and the limits of human reason are central to this domain.

A

Epistomology

47
Q

Logic plays a role in metaphysical debates, such as the nature of existence, causality, and possibility. Modal logic, for example, is employed to discuss possible worlds and the necessity of certain truths.

A

Metaphysics

48
Q

Ethical reasoning often involves logical analysis, especially in discussions of moral principles, ethical dilemmas, and the justification of moral claims.

A

Ethics

49
Q

NEVER BACK DOWN, NEVER WHAT?!

A

NEVER GIVE UP!!!