reviewer Flashcards
carbohydrates have what kind of bond?
glycosidic bonds
what type of chains are in carbohydrates?
long chains of sugar molecules
what type of monomer is in carbohydrates
monasaccharides
what are carbohydrates composed of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxgyen
what biomolecule makes raw material for photosynthesis?
carbohydrates
type of biomolecule that stores energy
lipids
all food has carbohydrate except what?
water
these are the building blocks of biomolecules
monomers
what are the classifications and naming of sugars based on?
number of carbons or size of carbon skeleton or location of carbonyl group
3c =
triode
5c =
pentose (ribose, ribulose)
6c =
hexose (glucose, galactose, fructose)
if oxygen is at the end it is called –
aldoses
if oxygen is within it is called –
ketoses
plants are more likely to be ketose. t or f
t
this biomolecule provides energy
carbohydrates
these are also known as simple sugar.
monosaccharides
monomers ; most common common contains how many carbon rings
6 or 5 membered carbon rings
these serve as raw materials in monomers
carbon skeleton
what are examples of isomers
glucose and galactose
any molecule that mirrors each other
isomer
it has mild sweet flavor
glucose
it is present in all the sugar
glucose
also known as blood sugar
glucose
it is found in every disaccharide and polysaccharide
glucose
it is the basic unit to produce atp
glucose
atp meaning
adenosine triphosphate
too much glucose causes what?
hypertension
hardly tastes sweet
galactose
rarely found naturally as a simple sugar
galactose
only found in polysaccharide esp. lactose
galactose
it is the sweetest sugar
fructose
where is fructose found?
fruits and honey
where do u add fructose
soft drinks, cereals, desserts
it is found in condiments
fructose
this is a very complicated sugar that is hard to digest, will affect different cellular processes and systems
high fructose corn syrup
two monosaccharides joined by glyosidic linkage by the process of dehydration synthesis
disaccharides
this is always present in disaccharides
glucose
glucose + fructose makes what?
sucrose, table sugar
monosaccharide + monosaccharide is?
disaccharide
what type of sugar is malt sugar
maltose
glucose + glucose =
maltose
glucose + galactose =
lactose
tastes sweet
sucrose
produced when starch breaks down
maltose
it is not abundant, seen in beers, milo
maltose
what is the main carbohydrate in milk
lactose
this type of sugar is mostly from animals
lactose
how to make non lactose
add lactase
it is the substitute for milk
cereals
they are people more likely to be lactose intolerant
southeast asians
these are also known as oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
these are complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides
its structure is sugar monomers & positions of its glycosidic linkage
polysaccharides
has short chains and can be attached to another biomolecule
polymer
under a microscope it looks like howard projection
polysaccharides
mitochondria is an example of?
polysaccharides
these are found in plants and is a polymer of glucose monomers
starch
starch is joined by —-
1-4 linkage glycosidic
simplest form of starch
amylose
these are not found in root crops
amylose
why can starch be a sub for rice?
because it contains lots of sugar or glucose molecules
it is liver, muscle cells, and fat cells
glycogen
it includes the keto food pyramid and has systemic and cellular energy source
glycogen
where do people who do keto take their energy from?
mainly from carbohydrates
it is a major component of the tough walls than enclose plant cells
cellulose
it contains fiber and is the most abundant organic compound on earth
cellulose
this helps with digestion
cellulose
how does cellulose help with digestion?
fiber wraps around the food that we eat and breaks it down
it is the major constituent in the exoskeleton
chitin
where is chitin found?
arthropods, cell walls of fungi, insects
when chitin is eaten, how will it come out?
same form
how do u excrete chitin?
nervous system gives lots of enzymes
what is the main function of lipids?
stores energy
what is the monomer of a lipid?
none. lipids have no monomers.
lipids are composed of what?
C H O
types of lipids
glycerol/fats/triglyceride
phospholipids
steroids
what is the structure of fats
glycerol head with 3 fatty acids
what are called hydrocarbon chains
fatty acids
a type of fat that contains a long straight chain and is solid at room temp. this is mostly animal fat
saturated
this type of fat constitutes to cardiovascular diseases
saturated
what type of bonds do saturated fats have
single bonds
these are the fats in plants and fish
unsaturated fat
type of fat in vegetable oil
unsaturated
type of fat that is liquid at room temp because molecules are not tightly packed together
unsaturated
what is the cause of the bending of unsaturated fats
double bends
what type of bonds do unsaturated fats have?
double bounds
what are the two types of phospholipids
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
phospholipids that have fatty acid tails are called?
hydrophobic
when a phospholipid has PO4, what is it called?
hydrophilic
this type of lipid can be found in cell membranes
phospholipids
what does bilayer mean?
has double layers
phosphate head is water loving and does what?
protects our cells from anything that will come in
these are water hating
fatty acids, which is why fats cant mix with water
what are inside phospholipids
fatty acid chains
it is a important cell component
steroids
what causes plaque build up in our blood vessels
steroids
these are arteries that supply the heart muscle itself
coronary arteries
what supplies the myocardium?
blood vessels
what collects blood from myocardial capilliaries and channel it right back to the right atrium
coronary veins
what makes up total of cholesterol
LDL + HDL + TRIGLYCERIDES
ldl means what
low density lipoprotein
it is bad cholesterol because it is the one that causes cholesterol to plaque in our arteries
low density lipoprotein
it is good cholesterol becuase it removes cholesterol from our body
high density lipoprotein
how are fats chemically digested
digested by lipase
it is a diverse group of large and complex polymer molecules made up of long chains of amino acids
proteins
what aids us in transportinf oxygen?
hemoglobin
what makes proteins?
amino acids
what enables plants to synthesize glucose?
rubsico
what are the monomers of proteins?
amino acid
what is the polymer of proteins?
polypeptide chain
what is amino acid composed of?
nitrogen and hydrogen
it is the side chain from central carbon atom and can range from simple hydrogen atom to more complex ring structures
r group
all proteins are dependent of what?
of our genetic material DNA and RNA
selective acceleration of chemical reactions is the process of what?
enzymatic proteins
this is like a lock and key model
enzymatic proteins
its function is to protect against diseases
defensive proteins
can antibodies be defensive proteins?
true
it is the coordination of an organisms activities
hormonal proteins
what creates a balance for blood sugar levels?
insulin
this is the response of the cell to chemical stimuli
receptor
this is the stroage of amino acids
storage proteins
this is the transport of substances
transport proteins
it is the movement in protein
contractile and motor protein
these result to a certain movement
actin and myosin
is it the support of the protein
structural protein
the mnomer of proteins
amino acids
WHAT IS THe common enzyme in tears and mucus that kills bacteria
lysosome
it is also known as local folding
secondary
it is the interaction between adjacent amino acids and the folding along short sections of polypeptide
secondary
it is also known as whole molecule folding.
tertiary protein structure
protein now consists of more than one amin acid chain
quaternary structure
how many polypeptide chains does hemoglobin have?
4 polypetide chains bonded tgt
each —- group can transport one oxyygen molecule
haem
amino acids are in chains
primary structure
proteins are dependent on what?
genetic material
this is the folding of amino acid chains via H BONDS
secondary structure
whole molecules are folded via hydrophobic interactions
tertiary structure
what bonds can break easily but still form tertiary structure?
hydrogen bonds
what has positive charge and negatively charged atom that forms a bond together?
ionic bond
what is easy to spot because it can only appear when there is sulfur
disulfide bridges
what is more than one polypeptide chain bonded togtehr?
quaternary structure
what is for the structure found in skin?
collagen
what do scientists use to determine a proteins structure
x-ray crystallography
what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
nucleotide
what is nucleotide composed of?
phosphate head, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
what is caused by the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
antiparallel
rhese are weak bonds
hydrogen bonds
what used computer software and other computational tools to deal with data resulting from sequencing many genomes?
bioinformatics
what do u call analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species
genomics
what do u call an analysis of large sets of proteins including there sequences?
proteomics
what are ALL gene expressions called?
bioinformatics
