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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

carbohydrates have what kind of bond?

A

glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

what type of chains are in carbohydrates?

A

long chains of sugar molecules

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3
Q

what type of monomer is in carbohydrates

A

monasaccharides

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4
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxgyen

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5
Q

what biomolecule makes raw material for photosynthesis?

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

type of biomolecule that stores energy

A

lipids

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7
Q

all food has carbohydrate except what?

A

water

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8
Q

these are the building blocks of biomolecules

A

monomers

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9
Q

what are the classifications and naming of sugars based on?

A

number of carbons or size of carbon skeleton or location of carbonyl group

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10
Q

3c =

A

triode

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11
Q

5c =

A

pentose (ribose, ribulose)

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12
Q

6c =

A

hexose (glucose, galactose, fructose)

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13
Q

if oxygen is at the end it is called –

A

aldoses

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14
Q

if oxygen is within it is called –

A

ketoses

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15
Q

plants are more likely to be ketose. t or f

A

t

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16
Q

this biomolecule provides energy

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

these are also known as simple sugar.

A

monosaccharides

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18
Q

monomers ; most common common contains how many carbon rings

A

6 or 5 membered carbon rings

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19
Q

these serve as raw materials in monomers

A

carbon skeleton

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20
Q

what are examples of isomers

A

glucose and galactose

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21
Q

any molecule that mirrors each other

A

isomer

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22
Q

it has mild sweet flavor

A

glucose

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23
Q

it is present in all the sugar

A

glucose

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24
Q

also known as blood sugar

A

glucose

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25
Q

it is found in every disaccharide and polysaccharide

A

glucose

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26
Q

it is the basic unit to produce atp

A

glucose

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27
Q

atp meaning

A

adenosine triphosphate

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28
Q

too much glucose causes what?

A

hypertension

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29
Q

hardly tastes sweet

A

galactose

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30
Q

rarely found naturally as a simple sugar

A

galactose

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31
Q

only found in polysaccharide esp. lactose

A

galactose

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32
Q

it is the sweetest sugar

A

fructose

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33
Q

where is fructose found?

A

fruits and honey

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34
Q

where do u add fructose

A

soft drinks, cereals, desserts

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35
Q

it is found in condiments

A

fructose

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36
Q

this is a very complicated sugar that is hard to digest, will affect different cellular processes and systems

A

high fructose corn syrup

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37
Q

two monosaccharides joined by glyosidic linkage by the process of dehydration synthesis

A

disaccharides

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38
Q

this is always present in disaccharides

A

glucose

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39
Q

glucose + fructose makes what?

A

sucrose, table sugar

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40
Q

monosaccharide + monosaccharide is?

A

disaccharide

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41
Q

what type of sugar is malt sugar

A

maltose

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42
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

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43
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

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44
Q

tastes sweet

A

sucrose

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45
Q

produced when starch breaks down

A

maltose

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46
Q

it is not abundant, seen in beers, milo

A

maltose

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47
Q

what is the main carbohydrate in milk

A

lactose

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48
Q

this type of sugar is mostly from animals

A

lactose

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49
Q

how to make non lactose

A

add lactase

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50
Q

it is the substitute for milk

A

cereals

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51
Q

they are people more likely to be lactose intolerant

A

southeast asians

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52
Q

these are also known as oligosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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53
Q

these are complex carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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54
Q

its structure is sugar monomers & positions of its glycosidic linkage

A

polysaccharides

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55
Q

has short chains and can be attached to another biomolecule

A

polymer

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56
Q

under a microscope it looks like howard projection

A

polysaccharides

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57
Q

mitochondria is an example of?

A

polysaccharides

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58
Q

these are found in plants and is a polymer of glucose monomers

A

starch

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59
Q

starch is joined by —-

A

1-4 linkage glycosidic

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60
Q

simplest form of starch

A

amylose

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61
Q

these are not found in root crops

A

amylose

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62
Q

why can starch be a sub for rice?

A

because it contains lots of sugar or glucose molecules

63
Q

it is liver, muscle cells, and fat cells

A

glycogen

64
Q

it includes the keto food pyramid and has systemic and cellular energy source

A

glycogen

65
Q

where do people who do keto take their energy from?

A

mainly from carbohydrates

66
Q

it is a major component of the tough walls than enclose plant cells

A

cellulose

67
Q

it contains fiber and is the most abundant organic compound on earth

A

cellulose

68
Q

this helps with digestion

A

cellulose

69
Q

how does cellulose help with digestion?

A

fiber wraps around the food that we eat and breaks it down

70
Q

it is the major constituent in the exoskeleton

A

chitin

71
Q

where is chitin found?

A

arthropods, cell walls of fungi, insects

72
Q

when chitin is eaten, how will it come out?

A

same form

73
Q

how do u excrete chitin?

A

nervous system gives lots of enzymes

74
Q

what is the main function of lipids?

A

stores energy

75
Q

what is the monomer of a lipid?

A

none. lipids have no monomers.

76
Q

lipids are composed of what?

A

C H O

77
Q

types of lipids

A

glycerol/fats/triglyceride

phospholipids

steroids

78
Q

what is the structure of fats

A

glycerol head with 3 fatty acids

79
Q

what are called hydrocarbon chains

A

fatty acids

80
Q

a type of fat that contains a long straight chain and is solid at room temp. this is mostly animal fat

A

saturated

81
Q

this type of fat constitutes to cardiovascular diseases

A

saturated

82
Q

what type of bonds do saturated fats have

A

single bonds

83
Q

these are the fats in plants and fish

A

unsaturated fat

84
Q

type of fat in vegetable oil

A

unsaturated

85
Q

type of fat that is liquid at room temp because molecules are not tightly packed together

A

unsaturated

86
Q

what is the cause of the bending of unsaturated fats

A

double bends

87
Q

what type of bonds do unsaturated fats have?

A

double bounds

88
Q

what are the two types of phospholipids

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

89
Q

phospholipids that have fatty acid tails are called?

A

hydrophobic

90
Q

when a phospholipid has PO4, what is it called?

A

hydrophilic

91
Q

this type of lipid can be found in cell membranes

A

phospholipids

92
Q

what does bilayer mean?

A

has double layers

93
Q

phosphate head is water loving and does what?

A

protects our cells from anything that will come in

94
Q

these are water hating

A

fatty acids, which is why fats cant mix with water

95
Q

what are inside phospholipids

A

fatty acid chains

96
Q

it is a important cell component

A

steroids

97
Q

what causes plaque build up in our blood vessels

A

steroids

98
Q

these are arteries that supply the heart muscle itself

A

coronary arteries

99
Q

what supplies the myocardium?

A

blood vessels

100
Q

what collects blood from myocardial capilliaries and channel it right back to the right atrium

A

coronary veins

101
Q

what makes up total of cholesterol

A

LDL + HDL + TRIGLYCERIDES

102
Q

ldl means what

A

low density lipoprotein

103
Q

it is bad cholesterol because it is the one that causes cholesterol to plaque in our arteries

A

low density lipoprotein

104
Q

it is good cholesterol becuase it removes cholesterol from our body

A

high density lipoprotein

105
Q

how are fats chemically digested

A

digested by lipase

106
Q

it is a diverse group of large and complex polymer molecules made up of long chains of amino acids

A

proteins

107
Q

what aids us in transportinf oxygen?

A

hemoglobin

108
Q

what makes proteins?

A

amino acids

109
Q

what enables plants to synthesize glucose?

A

rubsico

110
Q

what are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acid

111
Q

what is the polymer of proteins?

A

polypeptide chain

112
Q

what is amino acid composed of?

A

nitrogen and hydrogen

113
Q

it is the side chain from central carbon atom and can range from simple hydrogen atom to more complex ring structures

A

r group

114
Q

all proteins are dependent of what?

A

of our genetic material DNA and RNA

115
Q

selective acceleration of chemical reactions is the process of what?

A

enzymatic proteins

116
Q

this is like a lock and key model

A

enzymatic proteins

117
Q

its function is to protect against diseases

A

defensive proteins

118
Q

can antibodies be defensive proteins?

A

true

119
Q

it is the coordination of an organisms activities

A

hormonal proteins

120
Q

what creates a balance for blood sugar levels?

A

insulin

121
Q

this is the response of the cell to chemical stimuli

A

receptor

122
Q

this is the stroage of amino acids

A

storage proteins

123
Q

this is the transport of substances

A

transport proteins

124
Q

it is the movement in protein

A

contractile and motor protein

125
Q

these result to a certain movement

A

actin and myosin

126
Q

is it the support of the protein

A

structural protein

127
Q

the mnomer of proteins

A

amino acids

128
Q

WHAT IS THe common enzyme in tears and mucus that kills bacteria

A

lysosome

129
Q

it is also known as local folding

A

secondary

130
Q

it is the interaction between adjacent amino acids and the folding along short sections of polypeptide

A

secondary

131
Q

it is also known as whole molecule folding.

A

tertiary protein structure

132
Q

protein now consists of more than one amin acid chain

A

quaternary structure

133
Q

how many polypeptide chains does hemoglobin have?

A

4 polypetide chains bonded tgt

134
Q

each —- group can transport one oxyygen molecule

A

haem

135
Q

amino acids are in chains

A

primary structure

136
Q

proteins are dependent on what?

A

genetic material

137
Q

this is the folding of amino acid chains via H BONDS

A

secondary structure

138
Q

whole molecules are folded via hydrophobic interactions

A

tertiary structure

139
Q

what bonds can break easily but still form tertiary structure?

A

hydrogen bonds

140
Q

what has positive charge and negatively charged atom that forms a bond together?

A

ionic bond

141
Q

what is easy to spot because it can only appear when there is sulfur

A

disulfide bridges

142
Q

what is more than one polypeptide chain bonded togtehr?

A

quaternary structure

143
Q

what is for the structure found in skin?

A

collagen

144
Q

what do scientists use to determine a proteins structure

A

x-ray crystallography

145
Q

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide

146
Q

what is nucleotide composed of?

A

phosphate head, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

147
Q

what is caused by the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

A

antiparallel

148
Q

rhese are weak bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

149
Q

what used computer software and other computational tools to deal with data resulting from sequencing many genomes?

A

bioinformatics

150
Q

what do u call analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species

A

genomics

151
Q

what do u call an analysis of large sets of proteins including there sequences?

A

proteomics

152
Q

what are ALL gene expressions called?

A

bioinformatics

153
Q
A

gen. bio 1 - kco (3 decks)

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