Reviewer Flashcards
Philosophy comes from two words: philos which means blank and sophia which means blank
love & wisdom
4 meaning of philosophy
Scientific Approach, Natural Light of Reason, Study of all things, First Cause or the Highest Principle
4 First Cause or the Highest Principle
a. Principle of Identity
b. Principle of Noncontradiction
c. Principle of Excluded Middle
d. Principle of Sufficient Reason
It is suspending one’s judgement and conclusion about a matter and mentally exploring the pros and cons, the characteristics, and the purpose of an idea, or situation.
Emptying
2 Philosophical Way of Thinking
Holistic and Partial Thinking
It refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. This often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or problem.
Holistic Thinking
A philosophical way of thinking that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
Partial Thinking
A branch of philosophy that is only an extension of the fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real. What is reality, why does reality exist, and how does it exist are just some of the questions pursued by physics.
Metaphysics
For him, everything is water. He claimed that everything we experience is water.
Thales
Reality everything else is blank
Appearance
He is Socrates’ most famous student and is a good example of metaphysician who drew the sharpest possible contrast between reality and appearance.
Plato
For him reality is invincible but concrete true representation of all physical reality that the eye can see.
Plato
It is the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates the morality and virtue of human actions.
Ethics
They study morality from perspective of philosophy appeal to logical arguments to justify claims and positions involving morality.
Ethicists
Ethics Five Main Frameworks
Divine Command
Consequentialism or Utilitarianism
Deontological Ethics
Virtue Ethics
Relativism
In this framework, a strong sense of individualism does not exist, bit rather, the collective is emphasized. The actions and moral reasoning of St. Teresa of Calcuta and St. Lorenzo Ruiz are exemplars of this theory.
Divine Command
Jeremy Bentham, Stoics, and Epicureans are the authors of this ethical theory. In others, what is good for the greatest number of people is the best choice and moral choice. An example is if killing a cow is the only way to save seven children from starvation, killing the cow is moral.
Consequentialism or Utilitarianism
Whatever is my moral duty to do. This means the person has a moral duty to do what is right regardless of what the person thinks or feels about the situation.
Deontological Ethics
What kind of person I ought to be
Virtue Ethics
What does my culture or society think I ought to do?
Relativism
For him, to be happy a person has to live a virtuous life.
Socrates
A greek word which means virtue
Arete
He raised the “problem of the Negro”
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois
It deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge.
Epistemology
The believe that general ideas are formed from the examination of particular facts. This method is called…
Induction
He is and example of empiricist
John Locke
It is the view that knowledge can be attained only through experience.
Empiricism
Other philosophers think it is more important to find a general law according to which particular facts can be understood or judge. This method is called…
Deduction
He is an example of rationalist.
Rene Descartes
In the blank view, is that real knowledge is based on logic, laws, and methods that reason develops.
Rationalist
For William James and John Dewey, value in use is the real test of truth and meaning. In other words, the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.
Pragmatism
She envisioned an education for women. She is the author of Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) where she dictated that women were to be more than just wives and caretakers.
Mary Wollstonecraft
The word logic originates from the Greek word….
Logos
It if the study of laws of thought or correct reasoning.
Logic
It is the concern of the logician.
Reasoning
It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations — including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly.
Aesthetics
Three great original centers of philosophy in the world
Greek, Indian, and Chinese
Three dimensions of Filipino thought
Loob
Concept of Time
Bahala na
This refers to sharing of one’s self to others. It puts one in touch with his fellow beings.
Loob
The filipino believes in gulong ng palad (wheel of fortune) and hence, looks at life as a series of ups and downs
Concept of Time
It is to leave everything to God.
Bahala Na
Abundance comes from the Latin word blank which means to overflow nonstop
abundare
It is to think or express oneself in a rational and logical manner.
Philosophizing
In blank, truth is based on the person’s consciousness.
Phenomenology
In blank, truth is based on exercising choices and personal freedom.
Existentialism
In blank, it is accepted that truth is not absolute.
Postmodernism
In blank, truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking.
Logic
He founded phenomenology, which is essentially a philosophical method.
Edmund Husserl
It focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances defined as any object of conscious experience.
Phenomenology
It is not primarily a philosophical method. Neither it is exactly a set of doctrines but more of an outlook or attitude supported by diverse doctrines centered on certain common themes.
Existentialism
It has come into vogue as the name for rather diffused family ideas and trends that in significant respect rejects, challenges, or aims to supersede “modernity”.
Postmodernism
It is based on observations in order to make generalizations. This means from many specific examples and instances, a person can make a general guess.
Inductive Reasoning
It draws conclusions from usually one broad judgment or definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference.
Deductive Reasoning
It is a specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.
Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)
Whatever has not been proven false must be true and vice versa
Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)
This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time.
Equivocation
This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole. The reverse of this fallacy is division.
Composition
One reason logically is that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts.
Division
This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of a person advocating the premise.
Against the person (Argumentum ad hominem)
It is an argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force is given as justification for the conclusion.
Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum)
It is an argument that appeals to exploit people’s vanities, and desire for esteem, and anchors on popularity.
Appeal to the People
Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one. This fallacy is also referred to as coincidental correlation or correlation, not causation
Falce cause (post hoc)
One commits errors if one reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence.
Hasty Generalizations
This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.
Begging the question (petition principii)
It is a statement about the world or reality. It may or may not carry the truth.
Propositions
It is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.
Knowledge
A statement that goes beyond providing facts.
Opinions
It is a judgment based on certain facts
Conclusion
These are propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
Facts
These are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.
Beliefs
These are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true
Explanations
A statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This means that this can be proven by verification.
Claim
These are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful
Arguments
It is disproportionate weight in favor of or against the idea or thing, usually in a way that is close-minded and prejudicial.
Bias
It is an organized body of knowledge and the subject matter of this question.
Philosophy
Three major characteristics of Philosophy
Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain disputed.
Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.
It is the status of being a person
Personhood
It is the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind regarded as shared by all humans.
Human Nature
It is fundamentally a creature of God and not a casual product of blind and arbitrary matter or the construction of social engineers.
Human Person
What are the different traits of a person?
Self-Awareness
Self-Determination
Externality
Dignity
Free will
It is a man, woman, or child of the species Homo Sapiens, distinguished from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright stance.
Human Being
It refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.
Self-awareness
It refers to the capability of a person to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal-oriented and self-directed
Self-determination
It refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with others and the world.
Externality
It refers to the innate right to be valued and respected.
Dignity
It enables us to do actions whenever we want to and makes self-determination possible. It is the capacity to choose a course of action from various alternatives
Free-will
It is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually, redefining, one’s self that works with our facticity to create change
Transcendence
It refers to the things in our life that are already given
Facticity
As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude
Spatial-Temporal Beings
It refers to our finite quality or state
Finitude
It is part of the world that affects our environment in the same way that changes in our environment affect us.
Humankind
It is the discipline of philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.
Environmental Philosophy
It focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.
Anthropocentrism
It believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
Biocentrism
Also known as The Animal Welfare Act of 1998
R.A 8485
It places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.
Ecocentrism
It is one philosophical view that believes maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of the surroundings and contribute to the well-being of the people and other organisms living in it.
Environmental Aesthetics
This perspective advocate addressing the growing environmental problems.
Environmentalism
This is a moral approach that analyzes the relationship between humans and the environment. It also discusses environmental problems caused by human activities and social issues that impact the environment.
Environmental Ethics
It applies an ecological and ethical approach in analyzing society and sees a relationship between social problems and environmental problems.
Social Ecology
This concept focuses on reconciling human activities and economic development with the protection of the environment.
Sustainability
Three important principles of sustainability
Environmental Integrity
Economic Efficiency
Equity
It refers to maintaining the state of the environment. This means that human activities should not unduly disrupt the ecosystems and human communities located in the area.
Environmental Integrity
It refers to prudence in decision-making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.
Economic Efficiency
Demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them
Equity
It is the ability to regulate one’s action and behavior
Prudence
It is being thrifty with the use of one’s resources.
Frugality
