Review Topnatch 4 Flashcards
Succinate thiokinase
GTP
TCA mnemonics
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A ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
NADH, CO2
Malate dehydrogenase
NADH
Aonitase
Nine
Succinate dehydrogenase
FADH2
ETC
Entry point for NADH
Complex 1
ETC
Entry point for FADH2
Complex 2
ETC
Generation of proton gradient
Complex 1,3,4
ETC
ATP production by oxidative phisphorylation
Complex 5
Cimplex 1 inhibitor
Amytal
Uncoupler
Aspirin
Direct inhibiyion ATP synthesis
Oligomycin
Omplex 4 inhibitor
Carbon monoxide
Omplex 3 inhibitor
Dimercaprol
Gluconeogenesis function
Generates new glucose molecules
Gluconeogenesis location
Cytoplasm 90% liver, 10% kidney
Gluconeogenesis reactants
Pyruvates
Gluconeogenesis products
Glucose
Gluconeogenesis rate limiting step
Fructose 1-6 bisphosphatase
Creates 1-4 linkages and elongates the glycogen chains
Glycogen synthesis
Trnasfers 5-8 glucosyl residues and creates1-6 linkages
Branching enzyme
Cleaves a 1-4 and a 1-6 bond to produce free glucose
Debranching enzyme
Cleaves a1-4 bonds to produce glucose 1P
Glycogen phophorylase
Glycogenesis function
Generates new glycogen molecules
Glycogenesis location
Cytoplasm, liver and muscle
Glycogenesis reactants
UDP glucose
Glycogenesis products
Glycogen
Glycogenesis rate limiting step
Elongation of glycogen formation a 1-4 glyosiic bond via
Glycogen synthase
Glycogenolysis function
Breaks down glycogen to form new glucose
Glycogenolysis location
Cytoplasm, liver and muscle
Glycogenolysis reactants
Glyogen
Glycogenolysis products
Glucose 1 phosphate and free glucose
Glycogenolysis rate limiting step
Glycogen phophorylase
Glycogenolysis stimulating hormone
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Glycogenolysis type of metabolism
Catabolic
Glycogenesis type of metabolism
Anabolic
Glycogenesis stimulating hormone
Insulin
Pentose phosphate pathway function
Generates NADH and ribose
Pentose phosphate pathway location
Cytoplasm in liver, RBC, lactating mammares, adrenals
Pentose phosphate pathway reactants
G6P
Pentose phosphate pathway products
NADPH, ribose 5 p
Pentose phosphate pathway rate limiting step
G6PD
Isocitrate to a ketoglutarate
Pyruvate to acetyl Coa
NAD
FAD
Pyruvate to acetyl COA
Succinate to fumarate
NADH
Pyruvate to lactate
NADAPH
Acetyl CoA palmiatate
Flatulence, cramps, and diarrhea after ingestion of dairy products
Lactose intolerance
Severe fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, elevated glycogen in liver
Von gierke disease
G6pD deficiency
Hepatomegaly, milder form of vongierke disease
Cori disease
Myoglobinuria with strenous exercise
Mc ardle syndrome
Skeletal muscle, glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
Leads to hemolytic anemia due topoor RBC defense against oxidizing agents
G6PD deficiency
Galactosemia, galatosuria, cataract in early childhood
Galactokinase def
Benign fructosuria
Fructokinase deificiency
Fructosuria, severemhypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, liver damage, jaundice
Fructose intolerance
Long chain of carboxylic acid with no double bond
Saturated FA
Long chain of carboxylic acid with one double bond
Unsaturated FA
Long chain of carboxyliv acid with two or more double bonds
PUFA
Fatty acids associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis
Trans FA
Saturated FA
Essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid
Immediate precursor of prostaglandins
Arachidonic acid
End product of fatty acid synthesis
Palmitic acid
2 primary bile acids
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycolic acid
2 molecules conjugated to bile acids to convert them to bile salts
Taurine
Glycine
2 secondary bile acids
Deoxyholic acid
Lithocolic
Clinical manifestation of lipid malabsorption
Steatorhea
Spherical macromoleular complexes composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a shell of amphipathic lipoproteins
Lipoproteins
Protein moeity of lipoproteins
Apoproteins
Transport dietary triglyceride and cholesterol from intestine to tissues
Chylomicrons
Transport triglyceride from liver to tissues
VLDL
Delivers cholesterol into cells
LDL
Reverse cholesterol transport
HDL
Shuttles apo C II and apo E in the blood
HDL
Mediates chylomicron
Apo B48
Activates lipoprotein lipase
Apo C II
Mediates uptake of chylomicron remnant
Apo E
Binds to LDL recptor and mediates VLDL secretion
Apo B 100
Activates LCAT to produce cholesteryl esters in HDL
Apo A1
Degradation of TAG stored in adipocytrs
Hormone sensitive lipase
Degradation of dietary TAG in small intestine
Pancreatic lipase
Degradation of TAG circulating in chylomicrons and TAGs
Lipoprotein lipase
Degradation of TAG remaining in LDL
Hepatic tag lipase
Major component of lung surfactant
Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl
Only glycerophospholipid that is antigenic
Cardiolipin
Reservoir fro arachidonic acid in the memebranes and precursor for IP3 and DAG
Phosphatidyl inositol
Important constituent of myelin
Sphingomyelin
Fatty acid synthesis function
Generates palmitate
Fatty acid synthesis location
Cyoplasm and mitochondria in lver and lactating mammaries
Fatty acid synthesis reactants
Acetyl oa, malonyl CoA
Fatty acid synthesis products
Palmitate
Fatty acid synthesis rate limiting step
Acetyl OA to malonyl CoA via acetyl CoA carboxylase
Beta oxidation function
Generates acetyl CoA fom the ends of plmitate
Beta oxidation location
Mito, all cells except beurons, rbc, testes, renal medulla
Beta oxidation reactants
Palmitate
Beta oxidation poducts
Acetyl OA, NADH, FADH2, GTP
Beta oxidation rate limiting step
Carnitine acyltransferase
Beta oxidation type of metabolism
Catabolic
Beta oxidation hormonal state
Decrease insulin, increase glucagon
Beta oxidation order of reaction
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Fatty acid synthesis tpe of metabolism
Anabolic
Fatty acid synthesis order of reaction
CRDR
Fatty acid synthesis hormonal state
Increase insulin, decrease glucagon
