Review Sheet - Final Exam - Spring 2015 Flashcards
Eva Peron:
María Eva Duarte de Perón was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. She fought for women’s suffrage and to improve the lives of the poor.
Apartheid:
1948 -> Apartheid is introduced. Laws legally and physically separate different racial groups.
1952 -> The African National Congress, a black civil rights group, begins a Campaign for Defiance of Unjust Laws as a protest against apartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of its leaders
1960: In the town of Sharpeville, 67 Africans are killed while protesting Apartheid.
1962: Mandela is arrested for plotting against the government. Though he stays active politically, he will spend 27 years in prison.
1990: President F.W. de Klerk announces the end of apartheid. Mandela is freed from prison after serving 27 years.
1993: De Klerk and Mandela are jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
1994: South Africa holds its first elections in which all races can vote. Nelson Mandela is elected President.
After the election, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is formed by Desmond Tutu to make peace between blacks and whites. Pardoning.
Sykes-Picot Agreement:
1916, Great Britain and France.
Representatives of Great Britain and France secretly reach an accord, known as the Sykes-Picot agreement, by which most of the Arab lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire are to be divided into British and French spheres of influence with the conclusion of World War I.
The Russian Communists, led by Lenin, released the content of the agreement.
The goal was to divide the Arabs, not to unite them, divide them, so they could protect the trade routes. They didn’t care about the Arabs, they didn’t care about the Jews, they didn’t care about anything. They just wanted the trade routes.
Salvador Allende:
Salvador Allende (1952-1970).
Allende was a Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections. U.S. works against Salvador Allende and sends money to Allende’s counterpart in the political election. Allende wants to end economic inequality. U.S. ends all economic aid, cut the trade, calls in debt. Chile’s economy is terrible. Augusto Pinochet,(1915-2006),leader of the military junta that overthrew the socialist government of Pres.
Augusto Pinochet:
Chile, 1973-1990.
Augusto Pinochet, was dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990leader of the military junta that overthrew the socialist government of Pres led by Salvador Allende. Some people see him as a savior because he rescued Chile from socialism and that gave Chile economic growth while others say he was a ruthless despot. His actions led many in his country to never trust their government again.
The Salt March:
India, 1930.
The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) to protest British rule in India. During the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself. India finally was granted its independence in 1947.
Korean War:
North and South Korea, (1950-1953)
Communist North Korea invades non-communist South Korea.
U.S. leads UN coalition, with lead Mc Carther forces North Korea back. That’s when the Chinese get involved.
1953, lives were lost but after the countries were at the exact same place as before the war.
China:
- Two groups before WWII: Nationalists led by Zhang Haishek vs. Communists led by Mao Zedong.
- Japan comes in as an imperial power, trying to get the Chinese forces. Nationalists and communists worked against Japan but when they were not fighting against the Japanese, they were fighting against each other.
- After WWII, Communist and Nationalist fight against each other. Zhang Haishek was not liked because he left China during the war. Communists wins. 1949 Mao Zedong leader of China. Nationalist Party flee to Taiwan.
- First, Five Year Plan: Inspired by the Soviets. But, it didn’t work since China was much more agricultural.
Instead, Mao started The Great Leap Forward (1958-61). Communes, agricultural development. Quotas - so people lied (almost impossible to do). People had to do industrial work -> couldn’t make so much and the stuff they did were of bad quality. Lying about the quotas led to famine. - As a result of the Great Leap Forward’s failure, in 1962 Mao Zedong was quietly pushed to the sidelines and his rivals took control of the country.
- Cultural Revolution (1966): Mao comes back. Mao shut down the nation’s schools, calling for a massive youth mobilization to take current party leaders to task for their embrace of bourgeois values and lack of revolutionary spirit. In the months that followed, the movement escalated quickly as the students formed paramilitary groups called the Red Guards and attacked and harassed members of China’s elderly and intellectual population (Universities). Targeted religions - competed against Maoism, too much ideas in religions - destroyed the symbols. ‘’The Red Book’’: Mao creates the Red Guard and the Little Red Book. Little Red Book: 1964 to about 1976. Political philosophy.
- Mao wanted gender equality, economic equality, right of revolution (like John Locke). Criticizes America and Capitalism (is America’s capitalism really a democrazy? - Inequalities, racism.
Rape of Nanking:
1937-38, China.
Japanese killed 40,000 to over 300,000 Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants and raped women. Showing the Chinese that the Japanese were in control.
Truman Doctrine:
Harry Truman, 1947, after WWII.
Established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces (COMMUNISTS). Destroy communism.
Marshall Plan:
1947 - after WWII.
Economic aid to the the countries in Europe - countries from western countries (capitalistic countries). Containing Communism.
South Africa:
- 1652, Dutch Colony.
- 1852, British Colony.
- Afrikaans Dutch descendents. After the British came in, the Afrikaners started to be pushed north because the British wanted to control the trade port in the south, South Africa. (A lot of money)
- 1899-1902 -> Boer War -> Dutch settlers (Afrikaans) fight the British. The British gains complete control.
- 1910 -> Independent nation.
- 1948 -> Apartheid is introduced. Laws legally and physically separate different racial groups.
- 1952 -> The African National Congress, a black civil rights group, begins a Campaign for Defiance of Unjust Laws as a protest against apartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of its leaders
- 1960: In the town of Sharpeville, 67 Africans are killed while protesting Apartheid.
- 1962: Mandela is arrested for plotting against the government. Though he stays active politically, he will spend 27 years in prison.
- 1990: President F.W. de Klerk announces the end of apartheid. Mandela is freed from prison after serving 27 years.
- 1993: De Klerk and Mandela are jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
- 1994: South Africa holds its first elections in which all races can vote. Nelson Mandela is elected President.
After the election, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is formed by Desmond Tutu to make peace between blacks and whites. Pardoning.
Decolonization:
Twentieth century, Africa. (Background, Rwanda and Guinea)
- The European countries colonizing was the French, the British, the German, the Portuguese, the Belgians.
- The European countries were small and was dependent on the African colonies they had since the Europeans got a lot of resources from the colonies they had.
- U.S pressured the European countries to give up the colonies.
- The African once they became independent, they were still dependent on their formal rulers in terms of trade.
- The Colonizers controlled the communication with the infrastructure. Kenya had to go through London if they wanted to talk to Somalia.
Rwanda:
1880 it was a German colony. The Tutsis were the ‘’stronger’’ according so some research. After WWI, Germany lost and the colony were now Belgium. Belgium agreed with that the Tutsis were stronger. 1960, The Tutsi want to become independent. Belgium see that, and makes a commitment with the Hutu’s saying that the Hutu’s are the strongest one and are going to help them against the Tutsi’s. Rwanda becomes independent in 1962 with a Hutu real. In 1994, Hutu military forces initiate a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Tutsi minority. Hutu bought weapons (machetes) from China. The colonies now ruling Africa.
- Charles de Gaulle
- French Community
- Guinea
- Sékou Touré, Independence 1958
Guinea:
Guinea, independence from France on 2 October 1958:
- Charles de Gaulle
- French Community
- Guinea
- Sékou Touré
Dirty Wars:
1974-1983, Argentina.
Dirty War (Spanish: Guerra Sucia) are called the Argentine military repression against political opponents, who during the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1982 led to 30,000 people disappearance and / or death. The Argentine military had no intention to annihilate the Left and the Peronists who had a great deal of influence in society, with murder, torture, extortion and kidnappings.
- Target Montoneros, Peronists and dissentors, many disappeared or were killed, this started:
