Review Sheet - Exam 4

Question 1

Family:

Answer 1

• The family is a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children.
• Family ties also reflect kinship, a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Question 2

Marriage:

Answer 2

A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing.

Question 3

Sociology of family and symbolic interactionism:

Answer 3

• Ideally, family living offers an opportunity for intimacy, a word with Latin roots that mean “sharing fear.”
• As family members share many activities and establish trust, they build emotional bonds. bonds. Of course, the fact that parents act as authority figures often limits their closeness with younger children. Only as young people approach adulthood do kinship ties open up to include sharing confidences with greater intimacy.

Question 4

Structural functionalism/functions of family:

Answer 4

• Socialization
• Regulation of sexual activity
• Social placement
• Material and emotional security.

Question 5

Social-conflict analysis of family:

Answer 5

1. Property and inheritance - property and inheritance through history has been down the line of men. Thus, wealth and class structure are reproduced in each new generation.
2. Patriarchy - ‘’men control the sexuality of women’’ - women are sexual and economic property of men.
3. Race and ethnicity - racial and ethnic categories and inequality persists due to endogamy.

Question 6

Social exchange theory and marriage:

Answer 6

Social-exchange theory, another micro-level approach, describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation (Blau, 1964). Dating allows each person to assess the advantages and disadvantages of a potential spouse. In essence, exchange theory suggests, people “shop around” to make the best “deal” theycan.

Question 7

Alternate family forms:

Answer 7

• One parents families - 30% of families - ran by women. One parents by stable parent better than two instable parents.
• LAT (living apart together) - career, education, economically influenced.
• Cohabitation - sharing of household by unmarried couple - financially stable.
• LGBT Families.

Question 8

Cohabitation:

Answer 8

Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. In global perspective, cohabitation as a long-term form of family life, with or without children, is especially common in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries and is gaining in popularity in other European nations.

Question 9

Singlehood:

Answer 9

Because nine out of ten people in the United States marry, we tend to see singlehood as a temporary stage of life. However, increasing numbers of people of all ages are living alone, often by choice.

Question 10

Reproductive technologies:

Answer 10

• Artificial insimanation - IUI.

- Test tube babies - IVF -> ethnical debate -> class/access?

Question 11

Endogamy vs. Exogamy:

Answer 11

• Endogamy: marriage between people of the same social category.
• Exogamy: marriage between people of different social categories.

Question 12

Homogamy:

Answer 12

Our society “arranges” marriages by encouraging homogamy (literally, “like marrying like”), marriage between people with the same social characteristics.

Question 13

Hypergamy:

Answer 13

Hypergamy (colloquially referred to as “marrying up”) is a term used in social science for the act or practice of marrying someone who is wealthier or of higher caste or social status than oneself.

Question 14

Polygamy:

Answer 14

When one has two or more spouses.

Question 15

Religion versus ethnicity:

Answer 15

• Ethnicity is a method of classification based upon a common trait of the population, such as a common heritage, a common culture, a shared language or dialect. - - On the other hand, a religion is a belief in or the worship a god.

Question 16

Religion:

Answer 16

Religion, then, is a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.

Question 17

Sacred vs. Profane:

Answer 17

• Sacred: is set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence.
• Profane: is just things included as a part of everyday life.

Question 18

Symbolic interactionism, “sacred canopy” & Peter Berger (Religion):

Answer 18

• Religion is a social construction. We turn to religion is terms of chaos and tragedy. Makes us feel safe.
• From a symbolic-interaction point of view, religion (like all of society) is socially constructed (although perhaps with divine inspiration).
• Through various rituals—from daily prayers to annual events such as Easter, Passover, or Ramadan—people sharpen the distinction between the sacred and the profane.
• Using the symbolic-interaction approach, religion gives everyday life sacred meaning.

Question 19

Social conflict theory, Marx and religion:

Answer 19

• Karl Marx believes that religion is a mechanism to control the peasants. ‘’Religion is the opium of the masses’’.
• Religion was created by man, to control less fortunate people.

Question 20

Durkheim claims that there are three functions of religion:

Answer 20

• Religion unites people (creates community),
• Social control: promotes conformity, rules to live by (10 commandments etc.),
• Religion provides meaning and purpose - we mark lives most important transitions with religious (birth, marriage, death etc.)

Question 21

Interpretive sociology, Protestant Ethic, and Weber:

Answer 21

• Interpreting the power of religion to change society.

- Calvinism vs. Capitalism for example.

Question 22

Religious revival:

Answer 22

At the same time as New Age spirituality is flourishing, a great deal of change has been going on in the world of organized religion. As noted earlier, membership in established, mainstream churches has fallen in recent decades. Since then, not only has interest in New Age spirituality increased, but affiliation with other formal religious organizations, including the Mormons, Seventh-Day Adventists, and especially Christian sects, has risen dramatically.

Question 23

Tenets of fundamentalism:

Answer 23

Fundamentalism is a striking religious trend growing today. A conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion. As fundamentalists see it, liberal churches are simply too open to compromise and change.

• Fundamentalists take the words of sacred texts literally.
• Fundamentalists reject religious pluralism.
• Fundamentalists pursue the personal experience of God’s presence.
• Fundamentalists oppose “secular humanism.”
• Many fundamentalists endorse conservative political goals.

Question 24

Secularization:

Answer 24

Secularization, the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred. Secularization (from a Latin word for “worldly,” meaning literally “of the present age”) is commonly associated with modern, technologically advanced societies in which science is the major way of understanding.

Question 25

Indicators of Religiosity:

Answer 25

Religiosity is the importance of religion in a person’s life.

Five ways to study religiosity:

• Experiential: ,
• The Ritualistic: how often do you practice your rituals (go to church, reading the bible etc.)
• The Ideological: how much do you really believe in your religious doctrine?
• The Consequential: how much do we apply religion to our daily life
• The Intellectual: how much do you know about your religion?

Question 26

Abrahamic traditions:

Answer 26

In addition to sharing Abraham, numerous other figures, such as Noah, can be found in the tradition of all of the Abrahamic religions, and these religions share several common traits as well. All are monotheistic, believing in one god, and they have Semitic origins.

Question 27

Protestantism versus Catholicism:

Answer 27

While the Pope is the head of the Catholic Church, Protestantism is a general term that refers to Christianity that is not subject to papal authority. Both Christianity.

Question 28

Cult vs. sect (Heaven’s Gate, Jonestown, Kabalah, Sufism, Mormonism, Jehovah’s Witness, Amish, and Scientology):

Answer 28

• A cult is a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions. Most sects spin off from a conventional religious organization. Cults: No connections to mainstream religions. In short, calling a religious community a “cult” amounts to dismissing its members as crazy (Shupe, 1995; Gleick, 1997). From a Christian perspective, a cult is any group that follows teachings that contradict orthodox Christian doctrine and promote heresy.
• Sect members hold rigid religious convictions and deny the beliefs of others. Charismatic. Breakouts from mainstream religions. Sects are found in all religions. Islam has Sunnis and Shias, Judaism has Orthodox and Karaites, Hinduism has Shiyaism and Shaktism, and Christianity has Baptists and Lutherans.

Question 29

Church state vs. Denomination:

Answer 29

A denomination is a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism. Catholicism is a denomination. The muslim church in America is a denomination. Catholism is the biggest denomination. America is a country of Abrahamic Faith.

A state church is a church formally linked to the state. For centuries, Roman Catholicism was the official religion of the Roman Empire, and Confucianism was the official religion in China until the early twentieth century.