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HA Comprehensive exam > REview sheet > Flashcards

REview sheet Flashcards

1
Q

The study of general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings.

A

Surface anatomy

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2
Q

considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

A

Regional anatomy

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3
Q

consider structures of major organ system such as the skeletal or muscular system.

A

systemic anatomy

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4
Q

are groups of organ that function together to produce coordinated effect

A

organ system

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5
Q

examines the changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity

A

developmental anatomy

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6
Q

consider the anatomical organization of different types of animals

A

comparative anatomy

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7
Q

focus on the anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness.

A

clinical anatomy

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8
Q

Large areas of opposing plasmalemma maybe interconnected by transmembrane protein called____ which binds to each other and to other extracellular materials

A

cell adhesion molecule

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9
Q

The membrane of the adjacent cells may also be held by

A

intercellular cement

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10
Q

Two types of cell junction are

A

communicating junctions
adhering junctions

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11
Q

two cells held together by membrane called connexons

A

communicating junction

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12
Q

a tight junction , the lipid portion of the two plasmalemmae are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins.

A

adhering junctions

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13
Q

mechanically link two adjacent cells at their lateral surfaces or link an epithelial cell to the underlying basal lamina .

A

anchoring junctions

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14
Q

Responsible for connecting intercellular microfilament to protein fibers of the basal lamina

A

focal adhesion

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15
Q

found in epithelial tissue that are subjected to a significant amount of abrasion and shearing forces, and require a strong attachment to underlying basal lamina..

A

Hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

A sheetlike anchoring junction that serves to stabilize the lateral of adjacent epithelial cells

A

zonula adherens

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17
Q

provides small, localized spotlike anchoring junction that stabilize adjacent epithelial cells

A

macula adherens

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18
Q

a sheet of cells that covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity of pasageway.

A

epithelium

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19
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Protection
absorption
secretion
sensation
excretion

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20
Q

Criteria for Classifying Epithelial Tissues

A

cell shape
cell layer
cellularity
Polarity
attachment
avascularity
regeneration

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21
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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22
Q

Allows for diffusion and filtration and is located at the alveoli of lungs, blood vessels (endothelium), Bowman’s capsule in kidneys

A

squamous

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23
Q

Function: Secretion and absorption.
Location: Kidney tubules, glands, surface of ovaries.

A

cuboidal

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24
Q

Function: Absorption and secretion.
Location: Lining of digestive tract (stomach, intestines), reproductive tract

A

columnar

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25
Q

are found through out the body but unlike epithelial tissue, are never exposed to the environment outside the body.

A

connective tissue

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26
Q

three categories of connective tissues

A

connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue

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27
Q

connective tissue with many types of cell and extracellular fibers in a syrup ground substance.

A

connective tissue proper

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28
Q

have distinct population of cells suspended in watery matrix that contains closely packed fibers

A

fluid connective tissue

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29
Q

have a less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper and matrix that contain closely packed fibers

A

supporting connective tissue

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30
Q

The ___lines the passage way that communicates with the exterior, including the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract. Example is columnar epithelium.

A

mucous membrane

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31
Q

line the subdivision of the ventral body cavity. They are very thin and are firmly attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover.

A

serous membranes

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32
Q

___covers the surface of the body and consist of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and underlying layer of areolar connective tissue reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue.

A

cutaneous membrane

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33
Q

Joint that permits the significant movement are surrounded by a fibrous capsules and contains a joint cavity lined by___.

A

Synovial membranes

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34
Q

strong and most common fibers in connective tissue.

A

collagen fibers

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35
Q

are responsible for maintaining these connective tissues.

A

fibrocytes

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36
Q

are thinner than collagen fibers, and they form a branching, in framework that is tough but flexible .

A

reticular fiber

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37
Q

contains the protein elastin which are branching and wavy,

A

elastic fibers

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38
Q

___in normal connective tissue proper is clear, colorless and similar in consistency to maple syrup.

A

Ground substance

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39
Q

in contrast to serous or mucous membrane, _____ is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry.

A

cutaneous membrane

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40
Q

___ membrane consist of extensive areas or areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamous and cuboidal cells

A

synovial membranes.

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41
Q

the internal frame work of the body is created by

A

connective tissue

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42
Q

a layer or sheet of connective tissue that can be seen on gross dissection

A

Fascia

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43
Q

this layer of loss connective tissue separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs

A

superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer

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44
Q

consist of dense irregular connective tissue

A

deep fascia

45
Q

a layer of loose connective tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membrane that lines the body cavity.

A

subserous fascia

46
Q

consist of cutaneous membrane or skin which includes the superficial epidermis and deeper dermis, and the accessory structures including: hair follicles, nails, and exocrine gland

A

Integument system

47
Q

function of integument system

A

physical protection from environmental hazard.
excretion
sensory information

48
Q

what is the function of integument system

A

synthesis of vitamin D3
synthesis and storage of lipid
coordinate immune response to pathogens and cancers.

49
Q

what are the four cells found in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Malanocyte
merkel cells
langerhans cells

50
Q

the most abundant epithelial cells is ____ and ____ is the pigment producing cells.

A

Keratinocytes
Malanocyte

51
Q

what is involved in detecting sensation and the phagocytic cell of the immune system is ___

A

merkel cells
langerhans cells

52
Q

___ is a stratified squamous epithelium.

A

epidermis

53
Q

____ covers most of the body and ___ covers only the heavily abraded surfaces.

A

Thin skin

thick skin

54
Q

Thick skin are —

A

Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

55
Q

Deepest epidermal layer. Attached to basal lamina that separates the epidermis from the lose connective tissue of the adjacent dermis. has Melanocytes.

A

stratum basael

56
Q

spiny layer, continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium. Each time basal cell divides, one of the daughter cells is pushed into the next layer, where it begins to differentiate into a keratinocyte.

A

Stratum Spinosum

57
Q

the grainy layer, stops dividing, starts providing. It is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum. In this layer all cell still posses nucleus. Keratin.

A

stratum granulosum

58
Q

a though, fibrous protein which makes up of hair and nails

A

Keratin

59
Q

clear layer, found only in thick skin and covers stratum granulosum.

A

stratum lucidum

60
Q

horn layer, most superficial layer of thick and thin skin. Exposed surface of the skin, water resistance and shed replace every 2 weeks. Keratin

A

stratum corneum

61
Q

___ is loss connective tissue located below the dermis and is the location of hypodermic injection

A

hypodermis

62
Q

helps protects the skin from damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

A

melanin

63
Q

two layers composed of the dermis are

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

64
Q

the color of epidermis is due to the combination of the

A

dermal blood supply
thickness of the stratum corneum
carotine and melanin

65
Q

extends into the dermis, increasing the area surface of contact between the two regions.

A

epidermal ridges

66
Q

projection from the dermis toward the epidermis

A

dermal papillae

67
Q

The __layer consist of loose connective tissue, supply the epidermis and axons of the sensory neurons that monitor receptors in epidermis.

A

papillary layer

68
Q

consist of fibers in an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles.

A

reticular layer

69
Q

consist of dense irregular connective tissue, large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, collegen and elastic fibers and connective tissue proper.

A

recticular layer

70
Q

very strong, resist stretching but bend easily and produce flexibility

A

collegen fibers

71
Q

permits stretching and recoil to original length. limit the flexibility of collegen fibers to prevent damage tissue.

A

elastic fibers

72
Q

___ is also know as hypodemis or superificial fascia. It stabilizes the skin position against underlying organs and tissues, yet permits limitted independent movement

A

subcutaneous layer

73
Q

___supports connective tissue with specialize cells and a solid, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance

A

osseous tissue

74
Q

consist of largerly crystals of hydroxayapatie, accounting for almost two-third of the weight of bone

A

bone matrix

75
Q

___are matured bone cells that are completely surrounded by hard bone matrix and resides in spaces called ___

A

osteocytes
lacunae

76
Q

osteocytes in lacunae are interconnected by small, hollow channels called

A

canaliculi

77
Q

are layers of calcified matrix

A

lamellae

78
Q

___are bone forming by the process or ___.____ which synthesize___, the matrix of bone prior to it calcification

A

osteoblasts
osteogenesis
osteoid

79
Q

___are mesenchymal cells that play a role in the repair of bone fractures.

A

osteoprogenitor cells

80
Q

___ is a large, multinucleated cells that helps dissolve the bony matrix through the process of __. They are important in the process of the regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration in body fluids

A

osteoclasts
osteolysis.

81
Q

the matrix composition of a___ also a know dense bone is the same as the ____ know as the trabecular bone, but they differ in three dimensional arrangement of osteocytes, canaliculi and lamellae.

A

compact
spongy

82
Q

the functional unit of compact bone is ___ while ___ is an osteon arranged in concentric layers around central canal

A

osteon
osteocytes

83
Q

_contains struts or plate call trabeculae, often in an open network while ___ covers bone surface, it is thickest where stresses come from a limited range of directions.

A

spongy bone
compact bone

84
Q

A bone covered entirely by two layers is called_____ and lined internally by cellular is ___

A

periosteum
endosteum

85
Q

forms part of the base of the skull.It surrounds the foramen magnum and forms the wall of the jugular foramen

A

occipital bone

86
Q

forms from part of the superior and lateral surface of the cranium

A

parietal bone

87
Q

____forms the forehead and roof of orbit while _____ forms part of the wall of the jugular foramen and house the carotid

A

frontal bone
temporal bone

88
Q

__contributes to the floor of the cranium, bridges between the cranial and facial bone

A

sphenoid bone

89
Q

an irregular shaped bone that forms part of the orbital wall and the roof of the nasal cavity

A

ethnoid bone

90
Q

___are curving depressions in the cranial floor that closely follow the shape of the brain.

A

cranial fossae

91
Q

are the largest facial bones and form the upper jaw.

A

maxillary

92
Q

are small, L-shaped bones that formed the posterior portion of the bony plate and contribute to the floor of of the orbit

A

palatine bone

93
Q

__articulate with the frontal bone at the midline and articulate with the cartilage that form the superior borders of the external nares

A

nasal bone

94
Q

located on each side of the of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae

95
Q

articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form zygomatic arch.

A

zygomatic bone

96
Q

are the smallest bones in the skull, situated in the medial portion of each orbit.

A

lacrimal bone

97
Q

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum, based on the floor of the nasal cavity and articulates with both the maxillae and the palatines along the midline

A

vomer

98
Q

is the entire lower jaw, articulates the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.

A

mandibular bone

99
Q

The adult vertebral column consit of ____ bones, (24 individual vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx).

A

26

100
Q

The are 7 ___( the first articulates with occipital bone), 12 ____(which articulates withe ribs) and 5___(the fifth articulate with the sacrum). The sacrum and coccyx consist of ___

A

cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
fused vertebrae

101
Q

___ is divided into head, body and tail regions. The __penetrates the wall of the duodenum.

A

Pancreas
pancreatic duct.

101
Q

The ___ and and the pancreatic duct perforate the wall of the duodenum to discharge ___ at the lesser duodeneal papilla and greater duodeneal papilla, respectively.

A

accessory pancreatic duct
pancreatic juice

101
Q

The spinal column has four spinal curves: the thoraci and sacral curve called____ and the lumbar and cervical known as ____

A

primary or accomodative
secondary or compensation

102
Q

regulating plasma concentration of ions, regulating blood volume and pressure by adjusting water lost and releasing erythropoietin and reni, helping stabilize blood pH, conserving nutriets and regulating organic waste

A

urinary system

103
Q

includes gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs and the external genitalia

A

reproductive system

104
Q

___produce sperms, which are expelled from the body in semen during ejaculation

A

testes

105
Q

produce an egg that travels along uterine tubes to reach the ureter

A

ovaries

106
Q

connects the uterus with the exterior .

A

vagina

HA Comprehensive exam (4 decks)

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