REview sheet Flashcards
1
Q
The study of general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings.
A
Surface anatomy
2
Q
considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.
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Regional anatomy
3
Q
consider structures of major organ system such as the skeletal or muscular system.
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systemic anatomy
4
Q
are groups of organ that function together to produce coordinated effect
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organ system
5
Q
examines the changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity
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developmental anatomy
6
Q
consider the anatomical organization of different types of animals
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comparative anatomy
7
Q
focus on the anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness.
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clinical anatomy
8
Q
Large areas of opposing plasmalemma maybe interconnected by transmembrane protein called____ which binds to each other and to other extracellular materials
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cell adhesion molecule
9
Q
The membrane of the adjacent cells may also be held by
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intercellular cement
10
Q
Two types of cell junction are
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communicating junctions
adhering junctions
11
Q
two cells held together by membrane called connexons
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communicating junction
12
Q
a tight junction , the lipid portion of the two plasmalemmae are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins.
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adhering junctions
13
Q
mechanically link two adjacent cells at their lateral surfaces or link an epithelial cell to the underlying basal lamina .
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anchoring junctions
14
Q
Responsible for connecting intercellular microfilament to protein fibers of the basal lamina
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focal adhesion
15
Q
found in epithelial tissue that are subjected to a significant amount of abrasion and shearing forces, and require a strong attachment to underlying basal lamina..
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Hemidesmosomes
16
Q
A sheetlike anchoring junction that serves to stabilize the lateral of adjacent epithelial cells
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zonula adherens
17
Q
provides small, localized spotlike anchoring junction that stabilize adjacent epithelial cells
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macula adherens
18
Q
a sheet of cells that covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity of pasageway.
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epithelium
19
Q
Function of epithelial tissue
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Protection
absorption
secretion
sensation
excretion
20
Q
Criteria for Classifying Epithelial Tissues
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cell shape
cell layer
cellularity
Polarity
attachment
avascularity
regeneration
21
Q
Types of epithelial tissue
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squamous
cuboidal
columnar
22
Q
Allows for diffusion and filtration and is located at the alveoli of lungs, blood vessels (endothelium), Bowman’s capsule in kidneys
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squamous
23
Q
Function: Secretion and absorption.
Location: Kidney tubules, glands, surface of ovaries.
A
cuboidal
24
Q
Function: Absorption and secretion.
Location: Lining of digestive tract (stomach, intestines), reproductive tract
A
columnar
25
are found through out the body but unlike epithelial tissue, are never exposed to the environment outside the body.
connective tissue
26
three categories of connective tissues
connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
27
connective tissue with many types of cell and extracellular fibers in a syrup ground substance.
connective tissue proper
28
have distinct population of cells suspended in watery matrix that contains closely packed fibers
fluid connective tissue
29
have a less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper and matrix that contain closely packed fibers
supporting connective tissue
30
The ___lines the passage way that communicates with the exterior, including the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract. Example is columnar epithelium.
mucous membrane
31
line the subdivision of the ventral body cavity. They are very thin and are firmly attached to the body wall and to the organs they cover.
serous membranes
32
___covers the surface of the body and consist of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and underlying layer of areolar connective tissue reinforced by a layer of dense connective tissue.
cutaneous membrane
33
Joint that permits the significant movement are surrounded by a fibrous capsules and contains a joint cavity lined by___.
Synovial membranes
34
strong and most common fibers in connective tissue.
collagen fibers
35
are responsible for maintaining these connective tissues.
fibrocytes
36
are thinner than collagen fibers, and they form a branching, in framework that is tough but flexible .
reticular fiber
37
contains the protein elastin which are branching and wavy,
elastic fibers
38
___in normal connective tissue proper is clear, colorless and similar in consistency to maple syrup.
Ground substance
39
in contrast to serous or mucous membrane, _____ is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry.
cutaneous membrane
40
___ membrane consist of extensive areas or areolar tissue bounded by an incomplete superficial layer of squamous and cuboidal cells
synovial membranes.
41
the internal frame work of the body is created by
connective tissue
42
a layer or sheet of connective tissue that can be seen on gross dissection
Fascia
43
this layer of loss connective tissue separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs
superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer
44
consist of dense irregular connective tissue
deep fascia
45
a layer of loose connective tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membrane that lines the body cavity.
subserous fascia
46
consist of cutaneous membrane or skin which includes the superficial epidermis and deeper dermis, and the accessory structures including: hair follicles, nails, and exocrine gland
Integument system
47
function of integument system
physical protection from environmental hazard.
excretion
sensory information
48
what is the function of integument system
synthesis of vitamin D3
synthesis and storage of lipid
coordinate immune response to pathogens and cancers.
49
what are the four cells found in the epidermis
Keratinocytes
Malanocyte
merkel cells
langerhans cells
50
the most abundant epithelial cells is ____ and ____ is the pigment producing cells.
Keratinocytes
Malanocyte
51
what is involved in detecting sensation and the phagocytic cell of the immune system is ___
merkel cells
langerhans cells
52
___ is a stratified squamous epithelium.
epidermis
53
____ covers most of the body and ___ covers only the heavily abraded surfaces.
Thin skin
thick skin
54
Thick skin are —
Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
55
Deepest epidermal layer. Attached to basal lamina that separates the epidermis from the lose connective tissue of the adjacent dermis. has Melanocytes.
stratum basael
56
spiny layer, continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium. Each time basal cell divides, one of the daughter cells is pushed into the next layer, where it begins to differentiate into a keratinocyte.
Stratum Spinosum
57
the grainy layer, stops dividing, starts providing. It is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum. In this layer all cell still posses nucleus. Keratin.
stratum granulosum
58
a though, fibrous protein which makes up of hair and nails
Keratin
59
clear layer, found only in thick skin and covers stratum granulosum.
stratum lucidum
60
horn layer, most superficial layer of thick and thin skin. Exposed surface of the skin, water resistance and shed replace every 2 weeks. Keratin
stratum corneum
61
___ is loss connective tissue located below the dermis and is the location of hypodermic injection
hypodermis
62
helps protects the skin from damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.
melanin
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two layers composed of the dermis are
papillary layer
reticular layer
64
the color of epidermis is due to the combination of the
dermal blood supply
thickness of the stratum corneum
carotine and melanin
65
extends into the dermis, increasing the area surface of contact between the two regions.
epidermal ridges
66
projection from the dermis toward the epidermis
dermal papillae
67
The __layer consist of loose connective tissue, supply the epidermis and axons of the sensory neurons that monitor receptors in epidermis.
papillary layer
68
consist of fibers in an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles.
reticular layer
69
consist of dense irregular connective tissue, large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, collegen and elastic fibers and connective tissue proper.
recticular layer
70
very strong, resist stretching but bend easily and produce flexibility
collegen fibers
71
permits stretching and recoil to original length. limit the flexibility of collegen fibers to prevent damage tissue.
elastic fibers
72
___ is also know as hypodemis or superificial fascia. It stabilizes the skin position against underlying organs and tissues, yet permits limitted independent movement
subcutaneous layer
73
___supports connective tissue with specialize cells and a solid, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance
osseous tissue
74
consist of largerly crystals of hydroxayapatie, accounting for almost two-third of the weight of bone
bone matrix
75
___are matured bone cells that are completely surrounded by hard bone matrix and resides in spaces called ___
osteocytes
lacunae
76
osteocytes in lacunae are interconnected by small, hollow channels called
canaliculi
77
are layers of calcified matrix
lamellae
78
___are bone forming by the process or ___.____ which synthesize___, the matrix of bone prior to it calcification
osteoblasts
osteogenesis
osteoid
79
___are mesenchymal cells that play a role in the repair of bone fractures.
osteoprogenitor cells
80
___ is a large, multinucleated cells that helps dissolve the bony matrix through the process of __. They are important in the process of the regulation of calcium and phosphate concentration in body fluids
osteoclasts
osteolysis.
81
the matrix composition of a___ also a know dense bone is the same as the ____ know as the trabecular bone, but they differ in three dimensional arrangement of osteocytes, canaliculi and lamellae.
compact
spongy
82
the functional unit of compact bone is ___ while ___ is an osteon arranged in concentric layers around central canal
osteon
osteocytes
83
_contains struts or plate call trabeculae, often in an open network while ___ covers bone surface, it is thickest where stresses come from a limited range of directions.
spongy bone
compact bone
84
A bone covered entirely by two layers is called_____ and lined internally by cellular is ___
periosteum
endosteum
85
forms part of the base of the skull.It surrounds the foramen magnum and forms the wall of the jugular foramen
occipital bone
86
forms from part of the superior and lateral surface of the cranium
parietal bone
87
____forms the forehead and roof of orbit while _____ forms part of the wall of the jugular foramen and house the carotid
frontal bone
temporal bone
88
__contributes to the floor of the cranium, bridges between the cranial and facial bone
sphenoid bone
89
an irregular shaped bone that forms part of the orbital wall and the roof of the nasal cavity
ethnoid bone
90
___are curving depressions in the cranial floor that closely follow the shape of the brain.
cranial fossae
91
are the largest facial bones and form the upper jaw.
maxillary
92
are small, L-shaped bones that formed the posterior portion of the bony plate and contribute to the floor of of the orbit
palatine bone
93
__articulate with the frontal bone at the midline and articulate with the cartilage that form the superior borders of the external nares
nasal bone
94
located on each side of the of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
95
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form zygomatic arch.
zygomatic bone
96
are the smallest bones in the skull, situated in the medial portion of each orbit.
lacrimal bone
97
forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum, based on the floor of the nasal cavity and articulates with both the maxillae and the palatines along the midline
vomer
98
is the entire lower jaw, articulates the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.
mandibular bone
99
The adult vertebral column consit of ____ bones, (24 individual vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx).
26
100
The are 7 ___( the first articulates with occipital bone), 12 ____(which articulates withe ribs) and 5___(the fifth articulate with the sacrum). The sacrum and coccyx consist of ___
cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
fused vertebrae
101
___ is divided into head, body and tail regions. The __penetrates the wall of the duodenum.
Pancreas
pancreatic duct.
101
The ___ and and the pancreatic duct perforate the wall of the duodenum to discharge ___ at the lesser duodeneal papilla and greater duodeneal papilla, respectively.
accessory pancreatic duct
pancreatic juice
101
The spinal column has four spinal curves: the thoraci and sacral curve called____ and the lumbar and cervical known as ____
primary or accomodative
secondary or compensation
102
regulating plasma concentration of ions, regulating blood volume and pressure by adjusting water lost and releasing erythropoietin and reni, helping stabilize blood pH, conserving nutriets and regulating organic waste
urinary system
103
includes gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs and the external genitalia
reproductive system
104
___produce sperms, which are expelled from the body in semen during ejaculation
testes
105
produce an egg that travels along uterine tubes to reach the ureter
ovaries
106
connects the uterus with the exterior .
vagina
