R2 Flashcards
1
Q
are distingusihed by the shape of the vertebral body, the relative size of the vertebral foramen, the presence of costal processes with transverse foramen, and with spinous processes
A
cervical vertebrae
2
Q
have a distinctive heart-shaped bodies, long, slender spinous processes, and articulations for the ribs
A
thoracic vertebrae
3
Q
are the most massive and least mobile, they are subjected to the greatest strains
A
lumbar vertebrae
4
Q
protects the reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs. has an auricular surface for articulation with the pelvic girdle. it articulates with the fused elements of the coccyx
A
sacrum
5
Q
an s-shaped bone that extends between the manubruim of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
A
clavicle
6
Q
articulates with the round head of humerous at the gleniod cavity of the scapula.
A
scapula
7
Q
articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. anatomical.
A
humerus
8
Q
____are parallel bones of the forearm. the olecranon fossa of the humerus accommodates the olecranons of the ulna during straightening of the elbow
A
ulna and radius.
9
Q
forms two rowa, proximal and distal. from lateral to medial, the proximal row consist of scaphoid, lunate, tranqetrum and pissiform.
A
carpal bones
10
Q
articulate with the distal carpal bones. distally articulates with the phalanges.
A
metacarpals
11
Q
consist of two hip bones called the coxal bones. each hip bone forms through the fusion of three bone- ilium, ischium and pubis
A
pelvic girdle
12
Q
the largest of the hip bone, inside the acetabulum, the hip is fused to ischium and pubis
A
ilium
13
Q
consist of two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. maybe be subdivided into greater pelvis and lesser pelvis
A
pelvis
14
Q
the largest bone in the border. has round head articulating with the pelvis at the acetabulum and at its distal end its medial and lateral condyle articulates with tibia at the knee joint
A
fumer
15
Q
a large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle group
A
patella
16
Q
a large medial bone of the leg. the prominent markings include tibia tuberosity, anterior margin, medial malleolus.
A
Tibia
17
Q
is a slender leg bone lateral to the tibia. the head articulates with the tibia inferior to the knee, inferior slightly posterior to the lateral tibial condyle.
A
fibula
18
Q
includes 7 bones, only the smooth superior surface of the trochlea of the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula.
A
tarsus
19
Q
bony edges are close together and may interlock and also immovable.
A
synarthroses
20
Q
Very limited movement are permitted
A
amphiarthroses
21
Q
a wide range of movement is permitted at ____
A
diarthrosis or synovial joints.
22
Q
are large diameter; they contain densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and relatively few mitochondria
A
fast fibers
23
Q
are only about half the diameter of fast fibers, and they take three times as long to contract after stimulation.
A
slow fibers
24
Q
are very similar to fast fibers, although they have greater resistance to fatigue
A
intermediate fibers.
25
____ecompasses of all of the neural tissues in the body and two types of nervous system are
nervous system
CNS
PNS
26
the brain and spinal cord are___ while all of the neural tissue outside the the cns is
CNS
PNS
27
transmits sensory information from somatic and visceral receptor to CNS.
afferent
28
carries motor command to muscles and glands.
efferent
29
efferent neuron include ______(voluntary control over skeletal muscle contraction) and the _____(involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular muscle)
Somatic
autonomic
30
___ is the largest, most numerous glial cells. It maintain blood-brain barrier to isolate the CNS from general circulation and provide structure support, regulate ion and nutrient.
astrocytes
31
___wraps CNS axons in a membrane sheath termed myelin. Gaps between the myelin wrappings along an axon are called___
oligodendrocytes
myelin sheath gap
32
small cells with many fine cytoplasmic process. These are phagocytic cells that engulf cellular debris, waste products and pathogens
Microglia
33
__are typically epithelial cells that lines chambers and passageway field with cerebrospinal fluid in the brain and spinal cord.
ependymal cells
34
neuron cell bodies of the pns are clustered into ____ and their axons from ____
ganglia
Peripherial nerves
35
The PNS cell types are ___and ___cells
satillite
schwan
36
___enclose neuron cell bodies in ganglia while _____ cover all peripherial axons wether myelinated or unmyelinated
satillite
schwan
37
___is the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. it contains organelles including neurofilaments, neurotubules, and bundles of neurofilament, termed neurofibrils, which extend into dendrites and axon
perikaryon
38
specialized region of axon
axon hillock
39
side branches from an axon
collaterals
40
site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is known as
synapse
41
___form the afferent division of the PNS and deliver information from sensory receptors to the CNS
sensory neurons
42
__ form the efferent pathway that stimulates or modify the activity of peripheral tissue, organs, or organ system.
motor neurons.
43
___maybe located between sensory and motor neurons, they analyze sensory inputs and coordinate motor output.
interneurons
44
___ are found between neurons, and a special relationship is extablished
vascular synapse
45
___are found between neurons in the CNS and
PNS, although they are rare
novascular synapse.
46
The adult spinal cord has a _____(shallow) and an ______ (wide). It includes localized enlargement(cervical and lumbar) which are expanded regions where they increased gray matter to provide innervation of the limb
posterior media sulcus
anterior media fissure
47
the adult spinal cord extend from the foramen magnum to L1. The spinal cord tapers to a conical tip know as the ____. While the ___ originates at this tip and extends through the vertebral canal to the second sacral vertebrae, ultimatly becoming part of the coccygeal ligaments.
conus medullaris
filum terminale
48
the spinal cord has 31 segments, each segment is associated with a pair of ___ and the segment pairs the ___ and ____
dosal root ganglia
dorsal root and ventral root
49
sensory and motor fibers units as single____distally to each dorsal root ganglion. it emerge from innervertebral foramina and are mixed nerves.
spinal nerves.
50
___are series of of specialize membranes that provides physical stability and shock spinal cord.
spinal meninges
51
_____ are membranes that surround the brain. These layers are
cranial meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
52
is the tough, fibrous outermost layer that covers the spinal cord, caudally, it forms the coccygeal ligaments with filum terminale.
dura mater
53
The ___ separates the dura mater from the inner walls of the vertebral canal
epidural space
54
internal to the inner surface of the dura mater is the ____.When present it separates the dura mater from the middle meningeal layer, the ____.Internal arachnoid mater is the _____, which has a network of collagen and elastic fibers, the arachnoid trabuculae.
subdural space
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space.
55
___the inner most meningeal layer. bounded firmly to the underlying neural tissue.
Pia mater
56
___are supporting fibers extending laterally from the spinal cord surface, binding the spinal pia mater and arachnoid mater to dura mater to prevent ether side-to-side or inferior movement of the spinal cord
Denticulate ligaments
57
The ___ detects changes in the body or external environment and pass this information to CNS. This information, called____, arrives as action potential in an afferent (sensory) fiber. The response stimulus depends on where the processing occur.
sensory receptors
sensation
58
sensory neurons that deliver the sensation to the CNS are termed ___. The neurons synapse on the ___ in the thalamus. The axon at the third-order or second-order crosses to the opposite side of the CNS in a process called
first-order neurons
third-order neurons
decussation
59
___ connects the brain to the spinal cord. it contains the ___and ___ which are are processing center, the ____which relay information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex and brain stem to the cerebellar cortex. It reflex center includes the cardiovascular and respiratory center, control or adjust the activities of peripheral system
medulla oblongata
nucleus gracilis
nucleus cuneatus
olivary nuclei.
60
contains
1.sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves
2. nuclei concerned with involuntary control of respiration
3. nuclei that process and relay cerebellar commands arriving over the middle of cerebellar peduncles and;
4. ascending, descending and transverse tract.
Pons
61
The ___provides the switching and relay centers necessary to integrate the sensory and motor pathway
diencephalon
62
forms the roof of the diencephalon. it contains the hormones secreting pineal gland
epithalamus
63
the ___ is the principal and final relay point for the ascending sensory information and coordinates voluntary and involuntary somatic motor activities.
Thalamus
64
control involuntary somatic motor activities
control autonomic function
coordinates activities of the nervous and the endocrine system
secretes hormones
produce emotions and behavioral
regulates body temperature.
Hypothalamus.
65
The cortical surface contains the ___(elevated ridges) separated by the ____ (shallow depression) or deeper grooves (fissure).
Gyri
sulci
66
the ____ separates the the two cerbral hemispheres while the ___ marks the boundary between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe.
longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
67
The ___ of the ____ directs voluntary movements while the ____ of the the ____ receives somatic sensory information from the touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature
primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
primary sensory cortex
postcentral gyrus.
68
_____ such as _____ and ____ control our ability to understand sensory information.
Association areas
visual association areas
somatic association areas( premotor cortex)
69
The portion of the cerebral cortex that receives all the information form the sensory association areas is termed
general interactive area.
70
The motor area that regulates the the pattern for breathing and vocalize need for speech is
speech center
71
performs complicated learning and reasoning function is
prefrontal cortex.
72
___correspond to 47 patterns cellular organization in the cerebral cortex.
brodmann's area
73
___contains the the general interpretative and speech center and its responsible for language based skills while ___ is concerned with spatial relationship analysis
left hemisphere
right hemisphere.
74
___contains three major groups axons:1. ___(tracts the interconnected area of neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere).2.____ tracts connecting 2 cerebral hemispheres). 3. ____( tracts that links the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord)
central white matter
association fibers
commissure fibers
projection fibers.
75
The ____ within the central white matter include the caudate nucleus, amygdaloid body, claustrum, putamen and globus pallidus
basal nuclei
76
control muscle tone and coordination of learned movement patterns and other motor activities.
basal nuclei
77
carries sensory information responsible for the sense of smell
olfactory nerve 1
78
carries visual information from special receptors in the eyes
optic nerve 2
79
the primary source of innervation for extra-ocular muscle that moves the eyeball.
oculomotor nerve 3
80
the smallest cranial nerves, innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
Trochlear nerve 4
81
the largest cranial nerve, is a mixed nerve with ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches.
trigeminal nerves 5
82
innervates the sixth extrinsic oculomotor muscle, the lateral rectus.
abducens nerve 6
83
a mix nerve that control muscles of the scalp and face. Provides pressure sensations over the face and receives taste information from the tongue.
facial nerve 7
84
contains the vestibular nerve, which monitors sensations of balance, position, and movement, and the cochlear nerve, which monitors hearing receptors.
vestibulocochlear nerve 8
85
a mixed nerves that innervates the tongue and pharynx and controls the actions of swallowing
Glossopharyngeal nerve 9
86
a mixed nerve that is vital to the autonomic control of visceral function and has a variety of motor components.
vagus nerve 10
87
has an internal branch which innervates the voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx and an external branch which controls muscles associated with the pectoral girdle
accessory nerve 11
88
provides voluntary motor control over the tongue movement.
Hypoglossal nerve 12
89
regulates body temperature and coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestion, excretory and reproductive functions.
Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
90
It stimulates tissues metabolism, increases alertness and prepare the body to deal with emergencies. Fright of flight
sympathetic
91
covers energy and promotes sedentary.
parasympathetic
92
consist of preganglionic neurons between spinal cords segment T1 and L2, gangloinic neuron in ganglia near the vertebral column and specialized neurons within the suprarenal gland
sympathetic division
93
consist of preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and in the sacral segment of the spinal cord and ganglonic neurons in peripheral ganglia located within or immediately next to target organs.
parasympathetic.
94
__allows each receptor to respond to particular stimuli. the simplest receptor are the ___nerve ending and the area monitored by a simple receptor cell is ___
receptor specificity
free nerve ending
receptive field
95
___ always sending signals to the CNS; while ___ becomes active only when the conditions that they monitor changes
Tonic receptor
phasic receptor
96
refers to the process by which sensory information from the environment is translated into neural signals that the brain can interpret.
Sensory coding
97
respond to variety of stimuli usually with tissue damage. Has painful sansation which is slow and fast pain
Nociceptor
98
responds to change in temperature. They conduct sensation along the same pathways that carry pain sensation
Thermoreceptors
99
respond to physical distortion, contact, or pressure on their cell membrane: tactical receptors to touch, pressure and vibration, barorceptors to pressure changes in the wall of blood vessels and the digestive, reproductive and urinary tract.
Mechanoreceptors
100
respond to water soluble and lipid-soluble substance that are dissolved in the surrounding fluid.
chemoreceptors
101
consist of all endocrine cells and tissues
endocrine system
102
hormones are divided into four groups thes are :
amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
steroids
eicosanoids
103
___control cellular activities and metabolic reactions while hormones exerted their effects by modifying the activities of ___
enzymes
Target cells
104
Endocrine system can be controlled by:
neural activity
positive feedback
complex negative feedback
105
Endocrine positive feedback
release oxytocin during labor
delivery hormones release
106
__contains axons of some hypothalamic neuron the hormone release are__
posterior lobe
ADH
Oxytocin
107
release melonocyte-stimulating hormones. thyroid stimulating hormones
TSH
ACTH
anterior lobe
108
is a specialized connective tissue which transport and distribute dissolved gasses, metabolic waste, nutrient, enzyme and hormones.
blood
109
Blood consist of two component: the ___(the liquid matrix of blood) and the ___ which includes __,__ and platelets.
plasma
formed elements
RBC
WBC
110
accounts for 55% of volume in blood,; roughly 92% in water
plasma
111
___consist of 60% of plasma protein. ____ consist of of 35% plasma protein.
Albumins
Globulins
112
___ attacks foreign proteins and pathogens, and ___ bind ions, hormones and other components.
immunoglobulin(antibodies)
transport globulins
113
___ molecules functions in the clotting reaction by interacting to form fibrin; removing this from plasma will leave a fluid called ___
Fibrinogen
serum
114
__carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs and back , and ___ transport oxygen rich blood from heart to the rest of the body and back.
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
115
__carry blood away from the heart and __ returns blood to the heart. Tiny vessels between the veins and arteries are ___
arteries
veins
capillaries
116
The heart is surrounded by the ___, which is lined by the ___ and contains a small amount of lubricating fluid called the ____
pericardial cavity
pericardium
pericardial fluid
117
the ___ which surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity is composed of two part: the ___ (outermost portion) and the ____
pericardium
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
118
The serous pericardium is composed of two layers, the :___ and ___
visceral and parietal
119
originates at the base of ascending aorta and each rise to two branches. gives rise to right marginal and a posterior inter-ventricular branch
right coronary arteries.
120
gives rise to both circumflex branch and an anterior inter-ventricular branch
left coronary arteries.
121
The basic rate is established by the ___ cell but it can be modify by the ANS. ____ center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons, and ___ center governs the activities of the parasympathic neurons
pace maker
cardioacceleratory
cardioinhibitory
122
The ___transport large volume of blood away from the heart. ___ distribute blood to skeletal muscles and organs
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
123
what can change the diameter in response to conditions in the body.
arterioles
124
The smallest blood vessels and the only blood vessel whose wall permit exchange between blood and interstitial fluid is termed
capillaries
125
collects oxygen poor blood from tissue and organs and return it to the heart
vein
126
The arteries of the ___carry oxygen poor blood. This circuit include
pulmonary circuit
pulmonary trunk
left and right pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
127
The ____ begins at the aorta valve and ends at the entrance to the right atrium. supplies the capillary bed in all parts of the body not supplied by the pulmonary circuit.
systemic circuit
128
___collect blood from the body tissues and organ in an elaborate venous network that drains into the ____ of the heart through the superior and inferior vene cave.
viens
right atrium
129
____receives blood from the head, neck, chest shoulders, and upper limbs.
superior vena cava
130
___collects most of the venous blood from organs and structures inferior to the diaphragm that are not drained by the hepatic portal vein
inferior vena cava
131
includes the network of the lymphatic vessel that carry lymph (a fluid similar to plasma but lower concentration of protein)
lymphatic system
132
function of the lymphatic system
produce, maintain, distribute lymphocytes.
help maintain blood volume.
133
collects fluid from both sides of the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm
thoracic duct
134
collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm
right lymphatic duct
135
The ___is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory system. The ____ is the superior part of the pharynx. the ___is continuous with the oral cavity and the ____ includes the narrow zone between the hyoid and the entrance esophargus.
pharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larygopharynx
136
The trachea branches within the mediastinum to form the __ and __. This form the bronchial tree. Each bronchus enters the lung at the __. The ___ of the lung is a connective tissue mass including bronchus, pulmonary vessels, and nerves.
right and left primary bronchi
hilum
root
137
The lobes of the lungs are separated by___. The right lungs has 3 lobes: __, __, __ and __separating inferior and superior and horizontal fissure separating superior and middle.
fissure
superior, middle, inferior and oblique fissuer
138
Has 3 secondary bronchi: the __,__,__. It has 2 lobes the __and__ with an oblique fissure separating the lobes; and secondary bronchi:___,__
superior and inferior
superior and inferior lobarbronchi
139
___is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. The most important respiratory muscles are
Pulmonary ventilation
diaphragm, internal and external intercoatal muscles.
140
The major layers of the digestive tract are the__(formed by the mucosal epithelium and lamina propria),__ (areolar tissue) the ___(a region of smooth muscle fibers) and in the (peritoneal cavity) a serous membrane called ___
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa
serosa
141
bulk storage of ingestion mater, mechanical breakdown of resistant materials and chemical digestion through the disruptions of chemical bond using acid and enzymes
stomach
142
The stomach is divided into four regions, the :
cardia, fundus, body and pyloric
143
The ___guards the exit from the stomach. the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into longitudinal folds called ___
pyloric sphincter
rugae
144
the branches of the ___supply blood to the stomach., the left gastric, the splenic and common hepatic atery. The __ of the stomach are the greater omentum and less omentum
celiac trunk
mesenteries
145
the small intestine include the ___, ___ and ___.
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
146
The __begins as a pouch inferior to the terminal portion of the ileum and ends at the anus. This divides into three part, the __,__ and ___
Large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
147
performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produce bile.
liver
148
a hollow muscular organ that stores and concentrates bile before excretion in the small intestine.
gallbladder
149
breaks apart large drops of lipids and make them accessible to digestive enzymes.
Bile salts
