Final exam Flashcards by Mercy Aganapo

Anatomy

study of structure

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Physiology

study of function and bodily structures

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study of structures and features visible to the naked eyes

gross anatomy

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Microscopic anatomy

cytology and histology

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cytology

study of cells

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histology

study of tissues

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Four types of tissues are

Nervous tissue
muscle tissue
epithelium tissue
connective tissue

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Specialize types of Anatomy

clinical anatomy
surgical anatomy
Radiographic anatomy
cross sectional anatomy

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clinical anatomy

focus on pathological changes during illness

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surgical anatomy

study anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures.

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perform on intact body to visualize and study anatomical structures. eg. x-rays, ultrasound, scans

radiographic anatomy

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advance in raddiographic anatomy, such as computerized tomography. e.g. radiographic CT scan and spiral CT scans

cross-section anatomy

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Level of organization of cells

Atom>molecules>macromolecule>organelles>cells>tissue>organs>organism>system

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What is the cell theory

smallest units of life
cells give rise to cells

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Chromatin

threadlike and found in non-dividing cells.

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Chromosome and chromatids

found in dividing cells

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peroxisomes

found in the liver and breaks hydrogen peroxide to water

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Cytoskeleton are

microtubules and microfilament

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Study of structures that can not be seen without magnification.

Microscopic anatomy

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Types of gross anatomy.

l. Surface anatomy
ll. Regional anatomy
III. Systemic anatomy

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above, at d higher level (in the human body, towards the head. e.g: the head is Superior to the knee.

Superior

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Below, at a lower level; toward the feet

Inferior

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away from the midline (between your arm and waist).

Lateral

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Medial

towards the midline

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toward an attached base. eg: the shoulder is proximal to the wrist.(from shoulder to wrist)

Proximal

away from attached base. eg: the fingers are distal to the wrist.c fingers and wrist).

Distal

Toward the head. eg: the Cranial or cephalic border Of the pelvis is superior to the thigh

Cranial or Cephalic

Posterior

the back; behind

the back (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body).

Dorsal

is located posterior to the rib cage

Scapular (shoulder blade)

the front, before

abdominal side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body. eg: the navel is at the anterior(or ventral) Surface of the trunk.

Ventral

toward the tall (coccyx in humans) eg: the hips are caudal to the waist

Caudal

Matrix material inside of the cell

Cytosol

2 types of cell division.

mitosis meiosis

make exact copies of the cell. Growth Repair replacement

mitosis

do not appear in mitosis as there is no crossover event.

Tetrads

starts from 222 cells22 ends.2n-2n human ( starts at 23 and ends at 46)

Mitosis

reduces chromosome number from 2n-n. - help renew the original number to 26. - starts at 46-23

meiosis

is the foursome during meiosis meiosis made by 2 homologous Chromosomes/ that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids

Tetrads

Pair of identical copies of DNA joined at a point.

Sister Chromatids

point where chromosomes are attached to each other

centromere

one of the two chromatids of paired homologousChromosomes.

Non sister chromatids

one pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, loci, chromosome length and centromere location

Homologous chromosomes

Cells no longer make new copies. eg: nerve cell

long phase of cell division. G1 G2 S Phase ( DNA replication, makes copy of chromosomes).

Interphase

Stages in mitosis

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase cytoskeleton

___ has *nucleolus *nuclear membrane *Chromatin

Interphase

What has *no nucleolus *no nuclear membrane *can see chromosomes

Prophase

duplicated chromosomes align at equator

Metaphase

duplicated chromosomes are now seperated into individual chromosomes.

Anaphase

___ has furrow forms. Nucleus begins to reform. 2 identical cells.

Telophase

Increase in enzyme activities Increase in organelles

G-phase

Cytoskeleton

2 identical cells

polar molecules have a hard time getting in the call. - Non-polar gets into the cell easily

Phospholipid bilayer

____carbohydrates entitled to protein or lipids. what are an important protein part of the cell.

Glyco Glycoprotein/glycolipids

____requires no energy. molecules move down the concentration gradient. Do not need ATP. down the concentration gradient -( facilitated).

Passive process

___energy required. movement of things in and out of the cell. can be direct or indirect. up the concentration gradient

Active process

Lipid soluble material

non-polar

if nonpolar it moves through it easily in diffusion. water moves through membrane through aquaporins

Passive transport

Simple diffusion-

no protein helping.

Facilitated diffusion -

protein helping.

movement of molecules form an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion

difference between high and low concentration.

concentration gradient

charge Size lipid solubility a the diffuse molecule presence of membrane channel protein temperature

Factors affecting rate

lining surfaces and expose to the outside. E.g skin, stomach, urethra

Epithelial Tissue

Types of epithelial tissue

single layer of thin flattened cell

squamous

single layer of cuboid shape cell

Cuboidal

composed of epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surface.

Columnar

Connective Tissue

Mesenchyme

Connective tissue proper Specialized/supporting connective Fluid connective

Connective tissue proper

Loose more ground substance Dense

Specialized/supporting connective

cartilage Bones

Fluid connective

blood “lymph

Loose more ground substance

Areolar Adipose Reticular

dense

regular irregular elastic

cartilage

Hyaline Fibrocartilage elastic

bone

compact spongy

embroyonic tissue which gives rise to all tissues

Mesenchyme

Loose:

more ground substance

Dense:

less ground substance (more fibres).

Cartilage:

gives rise to bones.

Ligaments:

found in the joint (dense connective tissue).

3 types of muscle tissue.

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth involuntary spindle shaped cell, no striated

Skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary and striated(tear them apart)

Cardiac muscle tissue

involuntary and striated(tear them apart)

are involuntary spindle shaped cell, no striated

Smooth muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Neurons Neuroglia

function unit of the nervous tissue

Neurons

provides developmental, physiological, and metabolic support for neurons.

Neuroglia

Blood formation Supports and protects tissues Stores minerals.

Skeletal system

Hormones Direct long changes in the activities of other organs system

Endocrine system

nervous/endocrine system

control homeostasis.

Provide movement and support to generate heat

Muscular system

Directs immediate responses to stimuli Usually by coordinating the activities of other organs

Nervous system

Distribute cells and dissolved materials including; Nutrients Waste Gases

Cardiovascular system

Defend against infections and diseases

Lymphatic system

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood.

Respiratory system

Process foods and absorb nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

Digestive system

Provides protection from injury and fluid loss. Provides physical defense against infection by microorganism. Involved in temperature control

Integumentary system

Produce gametes, sex cells and sex hormones. Produces offspring

Reproductive system

Removes excess water,salt, and waste products from the blood and body Controls pH

Urinary system

Defends against microbial pathogens, disease causing agents and other diseases.

Immune system