Review Questions Handout (9/23 JK) Flashcards
What is the leading cause of patient safety errors in healthcare?
Medication errors
What are the 4 types of names for a drug? Give an example
Chemical - 7 chloro-1,3-dihydro-1,methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1
Generic - Diazepam
Official - diazepam, USP
Brand - Valium
4 principle sources of current drugs
- animals
- minerals
- plants
- synthetic
Sources of drug information
USP (US Pharmacopeial Convention), PDR (Physician Desk Reference), AMA Drug Evals, EMS Field Guides
Pure Food Act of 1906
Improved quality and labeling of drugs and made USP the official source
Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914
Regulated import, sale and use of opium and cocaine
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket safety for drugs
Durham Humphrey Amendment to 1938 Act
Required pharmacies to have verbal or written Rx from MD to dispense drugs
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention Act 1970
Replaced the Harrison Act and set. 5 schedules of drugs
Name the 5 schedules of drugs
- high abuse potential w/o accepted medical use (heroine, LSD)
- high abuse potential and may lead to severe dependance (opium, cocaine, morphine, oxycodone)
- May lead to moderate or low dependance, limited opioids in combination with other substances (tylenol with cosine)
- Low abuse potential (valium, phenobarbatol)
- Lowest abuse potential, limited opioids often for cough
Executes the provisions of the Federal Controlled Substances Act
DEA
Describe the special drug rating scale for pregnant women
A - Safe and effective for mom and fetus with good trials
B - Safe and effective in animal trials or human trials fail to show risk
C - Animal trials show risk but no good human trials
D - Human trials indicate fetus risk, but benefits may outweigh risk
X - Animal and human trials show marked risk to fetus and use is contraindicated for pregnant women
Who monitors drug advertising?
FTC
8 reasons pediatric patients need special consideration when considering drug intervention
- Reduced metabolic activity
- May metabolize meds faster
- GI tract may have slower rate of absorption and elimination
- Increased surface area
- More pervious blood brain barrier
- Increased water %
- Skin is more permeable
- Decreased protein, therefore increased free drug (more drug is avail to effect the body)
Define pharmacokinetics
The absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination of a drug in the body
Define absorption
How a drug finds its way to the site of action
Define Bioavailability
How much of a drug is available once it reaches its target tissue