Review Questions for Summative Midterm ll Flashcards
At age _____ children start putting words together
2
Timing of first word combinations is related to : (3)
- Timing of child first words
- Time at which child understands approx. 50words
- Mother’s responsiveness to child communication at age 1
How to assess syntax? (6)
■ Diary studies
■ Act-out tasks
■ Direction tasks
■ Picture-choice tasks
■ Preferential looking paradigm
■ Electrophysiological methods (e.g., ERPs)
Preferential looking paradigm: Experimental method used with prelinguistic infants that tracks __________________
○ Children can comprehend word order before they begin using two-word sentences
used with prelinguistic infants that tracks eye movement
Early production of syntax (word stages):
■ Single-word utterances: _____ to _____ months
■ Two-word combination: ______ to ______months
■ Longer multi-word utterances: _______ to ________ months
■ Single-word utterances: 12 to 24 months
■ Two-word combination: 18 to 24 months
■ Longer multi-word utterances: 24 to 30 months
Which word stage is this?
■ Comprehension is ahead of production
■ One-word utterances express sentence-like meaning
■ “Daddy” “There’s Daddy”
■ “Ball” “I want the Ball”
One word stage
Which word stage is this?
■ Most of the child utterances are two words-long
■ Child’s language is creative (no imitation of adult sentences)
■ Sentences are simple
■ Early sentences composed of nouns, verbs and adjectives (content words or open-class words)
■ Function words (or closed-class words) such as prepositions, conjunctions and articles are usually missing at this stage
■ stage examples: more car, all wet, bye-bye baby, Mama come
Two Word Stage
Some grammatical morphemes are acquired earlier than others: _______is acquired before ______, and verbal agreement suffix _____ is acquired later
-ing
be
-s
Brown found that ___________________ predicted order of acquisition
linguistic complexity
■ Complexity can be defined in 2 ways:
–_______________Number of meanings encoded in the morpheme
–_______________ Number of rules required for the morpheme
Semantic
Syntactic
■ First pronouns acquired are _, __ and ___
■ ________ and___________ pronouns are acquired by age 3
■ _____________ pronouns are acquired by age 5
I, it and you
Subjective and objective
Possessive
True or false: At ages 2 to 3, children KNOW that tense must be obligatory marked in main clauses
False, they do not know
- Example: “I bump my head”, “Elephant fall down”
Which type of error children around age 3 or 4 children:
■ Add the plural –s to exceptional nouns (mans, foots)
■ Use regular past tense on irregular verbs (goed, falled)
Overregularization Errors
What is the Wug Test?
instrument developed to allow the investigation of how the plural and other inflectional morphemes are acquired in a certain language
Who developed the wug test?
Jean Berko
3 main periods in the acquisition of negation:
◦1st period:
Sentence is made negative by placing a negative marker
Ex: No go movies, No Mommy do it
◦2nd period of acquisition of negation:
Negative word is moved inside the sentence and placed next to the main verb
Ex: I no like it, I no want book
◦3rd period of acquisition of negation:
Appearance of auxiliars and approximation to adult forms
Ex: You can’t have this, I’m not sad now
What are the 3 assessment of communicative intent:
Low-structured Observation
Structured Observation
Clinical Evaluation
Low-structured Observation:
- Caregiver plays with the child in a natural way
- Trained observer scores the child behavior
Structured Observation
- Manipulation of the situation to increase the likelihood of observing the behavior of interest (e.g., Communicative temptation task)
Clinical Evaluation:
-MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories – CDI
- Parent questionnaire
- Words and gestures: 8 to 18 months
- Words and sentences: 16 to 30 months
- Norms available for communicative behaviors
-Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale
- Assesses communication skills from birth to 3 years of age
- Areas: Interaction-Attachment, pragmatics, gesture, play, language comprehension and expression.
Why is lexical principles important for infants?
Lexical principles help the child to develop accurate word-referent mappings
Whole object assumption:
Child assumes that a new word refers to a complete object and not to its parts
Principle of mutual exclusivity:
Children avoid two labels for one referent
Overextension:
Child extends the word beyond the adult word context. Too broad meaning
Example: Calling all men “daddy”
Underextension
Concept is very restricted
Example: “cup” makes reference to “child’s cup”
*Common for 1- and 2-year-olds
What is the importance of a child language sample? (4)
-Allows us to gather information on different language skills (syntax, morphology, semantics, narrative skills, parent-child interaction, etc.)
-Less culturally-biased assessment for diverse families and children
-Provides a more naturalistic assessment of the child’s language skills
-Can be conducted at the lab or at home
3 important aspects to consider for elicitation of a language sample:
-Sample Length
-Communication Context
-Analysis
Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” : -Play based conversation
Using developmentally appropriate play to engage the child in a conversation
Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” :Interview
Asking questions about topics of interest to the child
Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” :Narratives
The child is asked to tell a story (familiar or unfamiliar). Could include story retelling or story generation.
Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” : Expository
The child is asked to describe a process (e.g. how to play her favorite game)
Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” :Persuasion
The child is asked to persuade someone about a specific topic
