Review Questions for Summative Midterm ll

Question 1

At age _____ children start putting words together

Answer 1

2

Question 2

Timing of first word combinations is related to : (3)

Answer 2

• Timing of child first words
• Time at which child understands approx. 50words
• Mother’s responsiveness to child communication at age 1

Question 3

How to assess syntax? (6)

Answer 3

■ Diary studies
■ Act-out tasks
■ Direction tasks
■ Picture-choice tasks
■ Preferential looking paradigm
■ Electrophysiological methods (e.g., ERPs)

Question 4

Preferential looking paradigm: Experimental method used with prelinguistic infants that tracks __________________
○ Children can comprehend word order before they begin using two-word sentences

Answer 4

used with prelinguistic infants that tracks eye movement

Question 5

Early production of syntax (word stages):
■ Single-word utterances: _____ to _____ months
■ Two-word combination: ______ to ______months
■ Longer multi-word utterances: _______ to ________ months

Answer 5

■ Single-word utterances: 12 to 24 months
■ Two-word combination: 18 to 24 months
■ Longer multi-word utterances: 24 to 30 months

Question 6

Which word stage is this?
■ Comprehension is ahead of production
■ One-word utterances express sentence-like meaning
■ “Daddy” “There’s Daddy”
■ “Ball” “I want the Ball”

Answer 6

One word stage

Question 7

Which word stage is this?
■ Most of the child utterances are two words-long
■ Child’s language is creative (no imitation of adult sentences)
■ Sentences are simple
■ Early sentences composed of nouns, verbs and adjectives (content words or open-class words)
■ Function words (or closed-class words) such as prepositions, conjunctions and articles are usually missing at this stage
■ stage examples: more car, all wet, bye-bye baby, Mama come

Answer 7

Two Word Stage

Question 8

Some grammatical morphemes are acquired earlier than others: _______is acquired before ______, and verbal agreement suffix _____ is acquired later

Answer 8

-ing
be
-s

Question 9

Brown found that ___________________ predicted order of acquisition

Answer 9

linguistic complexity

Question 10

■ Complexity can be defined in 2 ways:

–_______________Number of meanings encoded in the morpheme

–_______________ Number of rules required for the morpheme

Answer 10

Semantic
Syntactic

Question 11

■ First pronouns acquired are _, __ and ___
■ ________ and___________ pronouns are acquired by age 3
■ _____________ pronouns are acquired by age 5

Answer 11

I, it and you
Subjective and objective
Possessive

Question 12

True or false: At ages 2 to 3, children KNOW that tense must be obligatory marked in main clauses

Answer 12

False, they do not know
- Example: “I bump my head”, “Elephant fall down”

Question 13

Which type of error children around age 3 or 4 children:
■ Add the plural –s to exceptional nouns (mans, foots)
■ Use regular past tense on irregular verbs (goed, falled)

Answer 13

Overregularization Errors

Question 14

What is the Wug Test?

Answer 14

instrument developed to allow the investigation of how the plural and other inflectional morphemes are acquired in a certain language

Question 15

Who developed the wug test?

Answer 15

Jean Berko

Question 16

3 main periods in the acquisition of negation:
◦1st period:

Answer 16

Sentence is made negative by placing a negative marker
Ex: No go movies, No Mommy do it

Question 17

◦2nd period of acquisition of negation:

Answer 17

Negative word is moved inside the sentence and placed next to the main verb
Ex: I no like it, I no want book

Question 18

◦3rd period of acquisition of negation:

Answer 18

Appearance of auxiliars and approximation to adult forms
Ex: You can’t have this, I’m not sad now

Question 19

What are the 3 assessment of communicative intent:

Answer 19

Low-structured Observation
Structured Observation
Clinical Evaluation

Question 20

Low-structured Observation:

Answer 20

• Caregiver plays with the child in a natural way
• Trained observer scores the child behavior

Question 21

Structured Observation

Answer 21

• Manipulation of the situation to increase the likelihood of observing the behavior of interest (e.g., Communicative temptation task)

Question 22

Clinical Evaluation:

Answer 22

-MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories – CDI
- Parent questionnaire
- Words and gestures: 8 to 18 months
- Words and sentences: 16 to 30 months
- Norms available for communicative behaviors
-Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale
- Assesses communication skills from birth to 3 years of age
- Areas: Interaction-Attachment, pragmatics, gesture, play, language comprehension and expression.

Question 23

Why is lexical principles important for infants?

Answer 23

Lexical principles help the child to develop accurate word-referent mappings

Question 24

Whole object assumption:

Answer 24

Child assumes that a new word refers to a complete object and not to its parts

Question 25

Principle of mutual exclusivity:

Answer 25

Children avoid two labels for one referent

Question 26

Overextension:

Answer 26

Child extends the word beyond the adult word context. Too broad meaning
Example: Calling all men “daddy”

Question 27

Underextension

Answer 27

Concept is very restricted
Example: “cup” makes reference to “child’s cup”
*Common for 1- and 2-year-olds

Question 28

What is the importance of a child language sample? (4)

Answer 28

-Allows us to gather information on different language skills (syntax, morphology, semantics, narrative skills, parent-child interaction, etc.)
-Less culturally-biased assessment for diverse families and children
-Provides a more naturalistic assessment of the child’s language skills
-Can be conducted at the lab or at home

Question 29

3 important aspects to consider for elicitation of a language sample:

Answer 29

-Sample Length
-Communication Context
-Analysis

Question 30

Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” : -Play based conversation

Answer 30

Using developmentally appropriate play to engage the child in a conversation

Question 31

Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” :Interview

Answer 31

Asking questions about topics of interest to the child

Question 32

Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” :Narratives

Answer 32

The child is asked to tell a story (familiar or unfamiliar). Could include story retelling or story generation.

Question 33

Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” : Expository

Answer 33

The child is asked to describe a process (e.g. how to play her favorite game)

Question 34

Language sample elicitation techniques according to child’s age” :Persuasion

Answer 34

The child is asked to persuade someone about a specific topic

Question 35