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CMSD5150 Intro to Speech and Language Development > Review Questions for Summative Midterm > Flashcards

Review Questions for Summative Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

A

Language

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2
Q

Language vs. Speech: The principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture

A

Language

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3
Q

Neuromuscular activity that turns language into an oral sound signal and transmits it to an aural receiver

A

Speech

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4
Q

Language is a __________ and _____________system of conventional ___________that is used in various modes for thought and communication.

A

complex
dynamic
symbols

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5
Q

Contemporary views of human language hold that:

A
  • language evolves within specific historical, social, and cultural contexts
  • 5 parameters of language
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6
Q

What are the five parameters part of the contemporary views of language?

A

phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic

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7
Q

language learning and use are determined by the interaction of b___________, c___________, p___________, and e_______________ factors

A

biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors

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8
Q

What are the three language domains according to bloom and Lahey model?

A

form content use

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9
Q

What is part of form?

A

Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

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10
Q

What is part of content?

A

Semantics

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11
Q

What is part of use?

A

pragmatics

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12
Q

What is Phonology?

A

Study of the sound system of a language, the sounds the language uses and the rules for their combination

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13
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Smallest linguistic unit of sound

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14
Q

What is Morphology? (2)

A

The rules that govern the use of morphemes in a language
Concerned with the internal organization of words

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15
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest unit of meaning in a language

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16
Q

What is syntax? (2)

A

The rules by which sentences are made
Rules for how to combine words into acceptable phrases and sentences
“The mimsy zibber saw the little Wug”

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17
Q

What is semantics?

A

The study of the meaning system of language: Word meanings (vocabulary)

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18
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The rules for the use of language in social context: Includes interpersonal and social function Communicative competence – social conventions

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19
Q

What is Communication? (3)

A

● Exchange of information or messages
● Includes a sender and a receiver
● exchanged of info between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior

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20
Q

What are the three specific characteristics of human language?

A

Productive
Semanticity
Possibility of displacement

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21
Q

Describe productivity:

A

Speakers can make new utterances and recombine the forms they have learned

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22
Q

Describe semanticity:

A

Language represents ideas, events and objects symbolically. A word is a symbol that stands for something else

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23
Q

Describe the possibility of displacement in the characteristics of human language:

A

Messages do not need to be tied to the immediate context

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24
Q

What can we say about the research of language development across cultures? (2)

A

Most research restricted to west (industrialized) cultures
Child-adult interaction varies across cultures

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25
Q

Language acquisition is influenced:

A

by the child-rearing practices of the community ex: Interdependence model and Autonomy model

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26
Q

Describe Prototypical cultural models of parenting:
Interdependence Model (2)

A

● Child is a member of the community
● E.g. babies don’t sleep alone, are in constant body contact with caregivers, and are less talked too

27
Q

Describe Prototypical culture models of parenting: Autonomy (Independence) model (3)

A

● Child is an independent agent
● Lots of talk to the child
● Desire to see the child develop independence (e.g. sleep alone)

28
Q

True or False: There is similar onset of emerging communicative skills (e.g. pointing, showing, attention-getting, etc.) in both Chintang ad Western Germany cultures

A

True

29
Q

What is the ONLY difference between the emerging communicative skills between the children of:
-Village in eastern Nepal (Chintang)
-Rural area in western Germany

A

Somewhat different rate: German children tended to point more (probable given one-on-one interaction with adults)

30
Q

True or False: Children reach developmental milestones at similar ages – some variation as children got older

A

True

31
Q

True or False: -The order of appearance of developmental milestones (e.g., speech) IS affected by culture or the language to be learned

A

False: it’s not affected

32
Q

What must is important to consider in communicative skills between cultures? (2)

A
  • values and dynamics
    -Be aware of variation within a culture
33
Q

What are the two theories in language acquisition?

A

Nature (nativism)
Nurture (empiricist)

34
Q

Theoretical approach:
-Attempts to discover invariant processes underlying observable data
-“I want milk” : Analyze the form of the utterance
-Evidence that the child knows English word order

A

Structuralism

35
Q

Theoretical approach:
- Establish predictive relationships between situational variables and language
-“I want milk” : Utterance is followed by a glass of milk

A

Functionalism

36
Q

Theoretical approach: (2)
-Individualʼs knowledge of language

A

Competence
Structuralism

37
Q

Theoretical approach: (2)
-Actual instances of language use

A

Performance
-Functionalists

38
Q

What is part of the Classical Theories? (2)

A

Behavioral Approach
Linguistic Approach

39
Q

What is part of the Interactionist theories? (3)

A

Cognitive
Social
Usage gesture

40
Q

Which approach in language acquisition:
- Classical and operant
conditioning (reinforcement)
- Productive speech is the result
of reinforcements and
punishments supplied by
environmental agents
- Language development is
determined by training, not
maturation
- Imitation is an important
factor for language learning

A

behavioral

41
Q

Which approach in language acquisition:
- Universal grammar (UG)
- Language Acquisition Device à
Innate biological language
component that specializes in
language processing
ü Environment triggers the maturation
of a physiologically based language
system but does not shape verbal
behaviour
ü It favors competence (formal
organization of grammar) over
performance
ü Critical period for language

A

Linguistic Approaches

42
Q

Which approach in language acquisition:
ü Internal structures determine behaviour
ü Invariant order of acquisition across languages
ü Piaget: Language is not a separate innate characteristic,
but rather an ability that results from cognitive
development
ü The sequence of cognitive development determines the
sequence of language development

A

Cognitive

43
Q

Constructivism states that “Knowledge
is actively ___________________________________________________________

A

actively constructed by the
child in interaction with her
world

44
Q

Which approach in language acquisition:
Combines aspects of behavioral and linguistic approaches
- Speech directed to children (motherese or infant-directed
speech) facilitates language development
- Language emerge from interplay between childrenʼs linguistic
and cognitive capacities and social environment

A

Social Interaction Approach

45
Q

Social Interactionist: Nonlinguistic aspects of
interaction are key: (3)

A

turn-taking,
mutual gaze, joint attention, and
cultural conventions

46
Q

Social Interactionist: Social interactive language
learning Interactions between
_________________ and___________are the
basis for future conversational
patterns

A

caregivers and children

47
Q

Social Interactionist: E___________________ plays an important role in childʼs language growth

A

Environment

48
Q

Infants’ productions change over the first year of life (____________). Early _______________ sounds are similar across languages, but these change towards the end of the ________ year

A

Babbling
babbling
first

49
Q

Infants’ productions change over the first year of life (Perception and Production of sounds)

A
  • Communication goes beyond the perception and production of sounds
50
Q

Infants’ productions change over the first year of life: (active interactional Partners)

A
  • “Infants are active interactional partners and their actions affect the subsequent behavior of their caregivers”
51
Q

Criteria to decide if an infant is engaging in intentional communication: (eye contact)

A

Child makes eye contact with the partner while gesturing or vocalizing (alternate gaze between object and partner)

52
Q

Criteria to decide if an infant is engaging in intentional communication: (Consistent gestures)

A

Some gestures become consistent (opening and closing hand when the baby wants something)

53
Q

Criteria to decide if an infant is engaging in intentional communication: (Consistent Vocalizing)

A

Some vocalizations become consistent (producing “eh eh” when the baby wants something)

54
Q

Criteria to decide if an infant is engaging in intentional communication: (eye contact)

A
55
Q

Criteria to decide if an infant is engaging in intentional communication: (wait for response)

A

After a gesture or vocalization the child pauses to wait for a response from the partner

56
Q

Criteria to decide if an infant is engaging in intentional communication: (persistance)

A

The child persists in attempting to communicate if he/she is not understood (can modify behavior)

57
Q

First signs of intentional communication tend to emerge between ___ to ____ months of age

A

8 to 10

58
Q

Early communication of a child consists of_________ and _________

A

gestures and sounds

59
Q

What is IDS/CDS/Motherese?

A

Speech directed to babies that contains specific characteristics

60
Q

What are some of the features in IDS: (North America)

A

Higher pitch
-Slower rate of speech
-Variable pitch (greater pitch variation)
-Exaggerated stress
-Simplified sentence structure

61
Q

-Quantity of _____________speech is important for rate of language development

A

adult-to-child

62
Q

-language learning and use = interaction of (4)

A

biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors

63
Q

-effective use of language for communication requires understanding (3)

A

nonverbal cues, motivation, and sociocultural roles

64
Q
A

CMSD5150 Intro to Speech and Language Development (7 decks)

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