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Pharmacology > Review Questions Exam 3 > Flashcards

Review Questions Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is a common source of theobromine poisoning.

A

chocolate

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2
Q

This drug is used to stimulate post anesthesia respiration

A

doxapram

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3
Q

T or F : Methyxanthines act by stimulating adenosine receptors

A

false

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4
Q

_______ is the region of the brain that acts as a relay center

A

thalamus

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5
Q

Dopaminergic cell bodies are located in ______ and ______ regions of the brain

A

ventral tegumental area, substantia nigra

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6
Q

What is the class of behavior modifying drugs that works by enhancing GABAnergic neurotransmission?

A

Benzodiazepines

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7
Q

______ is an anxiolytic that is non sedating and works by activating 5-HT 1A and D2 receptor

A

Buspirone

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8
Q

What class of drugs works by selectively inhibiting 5-HT re-uptake? What is the therapeutic advantages associated with long term use of the drug?

A

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).

Therapeutic advantages associated with long term use of the drug includes
not cardio toxic, non sedating, do not impari learning,
side effects uncommon

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9
Q

TCAs work by _____. List the side effects associated with long term use of the drug.

A

block reuptake of NE and 5-HT to a lesser degree, produces desensitization of α-2 adrenergic receptors and 5-HT autoreceptors resulting in elevated extrasynaptic levels of 5-HT and NE, and also serves as blockade of muscarinic receptors responsible for its anticholinergic side effects

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10
Q

________ class of drugs work by inhibiting MAO. List the therapeutic uses of the drug.

A

MAOI

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11
Q

Define a Tranquilizer? Do they (Phenothiazine and Butyrophenone) posses inherent analgesic effects?

A

NO they do not have any analgesic effects

Tranquilizer - neuroleptic, anxiety reduced w/o loss of consciousness, depresses teh hypothalamus and reticualr formation function

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12
Q

Are the adverse effects of Phenothiazine reversible?

A

NO reveral agent

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13
Q

What are butyrophenones most commonly used for?

A

sedative, pre anesthesia, potent antiemtic

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Phenothiazines?

A

blockade of post synaptic dopaminergic receptors- D2 antagonist, results in vasodialtion

H1 antagonist

Serotonin antagonist

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15
Q

Describe the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular side effects of phenothiazines?

A

Pheno- main effect is alpha 1 antagonist resulting in peripheral vasodialtion

baroreceptors interpret this as hypovolemia; reflex tachycardia resutls

AVOID in hypovolemic animals

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16
Q

Can phenothiazines be administered to animals undergoing skin testing?

A

it can, but you shouldn’t , act as H1 histaminergic antagonist

17
Q

What are the effects of phenothiazines on seizures?

A

blockage of RAS, decreased spontaneous motor fx, dampens motor function

18
Q

List the therapeutic uses of phenothiazines

A

tranquilization- calms the animal and facilitates physical exam/diagnostic procedures

used as pre-anesthetic in general anesthesia, allows dose reduction and amelioration of adverse effects associated with some agents

antiemetic effect in dogs but not cats

19
Q

Which lasts longer for xylazine: the analgesia or sedation?

A

Sedation

20
Q

What is the net result of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor activation?

A

Decrease in sympathetic outflow resulting in decreased circulating levels of catecholamines

21
Q

The sedative effects associated with xylazine are related to activation of adrenergic receptors in__________ located in _____________.

A

locus coeruleus, pons and lower brain stem

22
Q

Provide the rank order of species responsiveness in regards to xylazine’s sedative effects

A

RMT > cats and dogs > pigs (least)

23
Q

The skeletal muscle relaxation effects of xylazine are related to inhibition of ___________.

A

interneuronal transmission in the spinal cord

24
Q

Describe the cardiovascular effects of xylazine

A

bi-phasic response with phase 2 being further perpetrated by central sedative effects and reduced sympathetic tone.

Phase 1: activation of peripheral alpha 2 receptors accounts for the rapid increase in systemic vascular resistance which is clinically identified as an increase in arterial BP - transient process= short duration

Phase 2: Hypertension induces a reflex-baroreceptor mediated physiologic bradycardia, associated with bradyarrythmias and decreased CO.

25
Q

Xylazine produces emesis most frequently in this species

A

Cat

26
Q

Name a potent alpha 2 agonist you studied in class that can cause ataxia in horses?

A

Medetomidine in high doses

27
Q

Can Xylazine be given to cattle in the last trimester?

A

NO should not because increases the risk of premature parturition

oxytocin like effect

28
Q

Define a seizure and its four components

A

seizure- rapid synchronous, uncontrolled spread of electrical activity; rhythmic firing of if a group of neurons

Prodrome- behavioral changes, that occur days, or hours before

Aura- event characterized by sensory and psycho-sensory symptoms in humans “something is wrong”

Ictus- seizure event

Post-ictal phase- behavior changes, that occur days/hours after

29
Q

An adverse effect that is most common to benzodiazepine anticonvulsants in cats is_________

A

hepatoxicicty

30
Q

What are the two major medical emergencies related to seizure disorders?

A

Status Epilepticus

Cluster seizures

31
Q

Identify the type of seizure where structural lesions in the brain may be a predisposing factor for seizure development

A

Partial seizure

32
Q

List the characteristics of a simple and complex partial seizure

A

simple- no loss of consciousness, abnormal firing, focus located in the motor portion of cerebral hemisphere

complex- altered consciousness, exhibit repetitive behaviors, abnormal behavior (staring into space, maniac dogs) temporal lobe, likely to evolve into generalized seizure

33
Q

What is the other name for generalized seizures and list its characteristics?

A

grand mal seizure

most common in animals; brain regions diffusely affected-> more damage
abrupt loss of consciousness

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?

A

prolongs the refractory period of voltage gated sodium gated channels

stabilizes the membrane

35
Q

List the names of drugs that elicit their anti-convulsant effects by potentiating GABA neurotransmission

A

BZ

Barbiturates

36
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of potassium bromide and list its therapeutic uses.

A

hyperpolarizes the membrane through Br-/Cl-

Br- forces more Cl- to be taken into cell (electromagnetic forces)

long half life- good for terrible pet owners

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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