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Pharmacology > Basics/Behavior Modifying Drugs > Flashcards

Basics/Behavior Modifying Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral Cortex Functionality:

A

info processing/interpretation

fx in sensations, perceptions, voluntary movement, learning, speech, cognition

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2
Q

Medulla functionality:

A

where the control centers are

fx in respiration, cardiac and vasomotor control areas

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3
Q

Cerebellum functionality:

A

voluntary movement

Vermis, located here- balance

cognitive fx such as repetitive events

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4
Q

Thalamus functionality:

A

acts as relay center

filters/modulates sensory information to cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Hypothalamus functionality:

A

controls the ANS, hormonal reg via pituitary

visceral response

internal homeostasis

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia functionality:

A

voluntary motor control

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7
Q

Limbic System functionality:

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, amygdala

emotions, social behavior, memory

site of action for ANTIDEPRESSANTS and ANTIPSYCHOTICS

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8
Q

Dopamine cell body location:

A

substansia negri

ventral tegument

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9
Q

Norepinephrine cell body location:

A

locus coeruleus

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10
Q

Serotonin cell body location:

A

Raphe nucleus, sends projections to the cortex

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11
Q

Function of dopamine:

A

act od D1-D5 and DAT

movement, planning, reinforcement

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12
Q

Function of NE:

A

act on A/B adrenergic receptors, play role in sleep, re anxiety, mood, learning, memory

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13
Q

Function of serotonin

A

mood, appetite, sleep, higher congnitive fx

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14
Q

what drugs enhance serotonin?

A

TCAs and SSRIs

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15
Q

What drugs modualte dopamine?

A

neuroleptics

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16
Q

T/F elation caused by hyperserotin transmission

A

FALSE, caused by hyperdopaminergic transmission

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17
Q

WHat are the 4 dopaminergic pathways in the brain?

A

nigrostriatal

mesocortical

mesolimbic

tuberinfundibular

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18
Q

Define analeptics:

A

arousal effect characterized by return to consciousness in anesthetized or sedated pateints

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19
Q

What do analeptics do?

A

stimulate medullary respiratory centers and chemoreceptors, to pdx increase in tidal volume

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20
Q

What are the 2 analeptics we discussed?

A

doxapram

methylxanthines

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21
Q

What is the mech of action of methylxanthines?

A

PDE inhitors -> increase in cAMP

Binds adenosine receptors

leads to bronchodilation, vasodilation, inhibition of mediator release

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22
Q

Adverse effects of Dopram:

A

can preciptate seisures in predisposed animals

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23
Q

Adverse effects of methyxanthines:

A

cardiac disrhythmia can occur in cases of severe toxicity

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24
Q

What is in chocolate that causes a toxicity in dogs?

A

Theobromide

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25
Q

What is the biogenic hypothesis of mood?

A

reduction in NE/ 5-HT receptors play role in depression

26
Q

What is the proposed mech of action of benzodiazapines?

A

enchance GABAnergic neurotransmission via GABA-a receptor, enhance Cl- channels

Net result is hyperpolarization

27
Q

What are the 3 levels of benzodiazepine doses and their effect?

A

low- mild sedative

moderate- ant-anxiety agent

high- hypnotic

28
Q

T/F benzodiazepines are indicated for SHORT TERM tx of anxiety disorders

A

TRUE

29
Q

What drugs can oyu combine with benzodiazepines to increase the efficacy?

A

TCAs / SSRIs

30
Q

When are benzodiazepines contraindicated and why?

A

aggressive patients, especially when anxiety is masking aggression, dogs become aggressive once the anxiety is inhibited

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of benzodiazepines?

A

need to be gradually weaned off drug

physical addiction

ataxia

liver necrosis

32
Q

T/F benzodiazepans cause learning impairment

A

True

33
Q

What is Diazepam used to treat?

A

anxiety for the most part

cat urine spraying, appetite stimualnt in cats, muscle relaxant,

neroleptanalgesia

34
Q

What are the adverse effects of diazepam?

A

Hepatic necrosis in cats

reduced metabolism of drug when given concurrently with CYP-40 metabolizing drugs

35
Q

What is Alprazolam used for? What drug should be used with it?

A

acute fear situations, storm phobia in combo w/ clomipramine

36
Q

What are the adverse effects pf alprazolam?

A

should not be given w/ CYP-40 impairing drugs

37
Q

Indications for oxazepan?

A

appetite stim in cats

patients w/ imparied heptic fx

38
Q

Contraindications for oxazepan?

A

can become anti-social

fighting fish

39
Q

What are azapirones? `

A

Selective anxiolytic with minimal side effects

40
Q

What is Buspirine?

A

azaprine- takes several weeks to work

generalized anxiety disorders

not associated w/ withdrawal effects

No amnesia effects

no sedating

41
Q

What is the mech of TCAs?

A

block re-uptake of NE/ 5-HT

pdx desensitization of alpha 2 receptors, resulting in elevated extrasynaptic 5-HT/NE levels

anticholinergic sdie effects via muscarinic receptor antagonism

42
Q

What are the 2 important TCAs she talked about… guys?

A

Amitriptyline

Clomipramine

43
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Interstitial cystitis in cats

cats w/ inappropriate urination, crazy cats, self mutilating dogs

Adverse effects: sedation, mydriasis, urin retention

44
Q

Clomipramine

A

FDA approval for anxiety in dogs

45
Q

Adverse effects of TCAs

A

anticholinergic effects- dry mouth, constipation, tachy

H1 antagonism- sedation

alpha 1 antagonism- orthostatic hypotension

ventricular arhythmia

46
Q

What are the indications for SSRIs?

A

targets 5HT reuptake inhibitors

non sedating

no cardiac toxicicty

depression, anxiety, aggression, compulsive disorders

47
Q

Adverse effects of SSRIs:

A

minimal

GI disturbances

serotonin syndrome

48
Q

Mech of Action of SSRIs

A

selectively block presynaptic serotonin transporters (SERT)

inhibit uptake of serotonin

leads to elevated synaptic 5-HT levels

49
Q

What are MAOIs?

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

prevent the breakdown of NE. 5HT and DA

50
Q

What is SELEGILINE?

A

irreversible and selective inhibitor of MAO-B

FDA approval for tx of CCD- canine cognitive disorder

51
Q

T/F

tx buspirone should be administered concurrentyl w/ MAOIs for maximum efficacy

A

FALSE

will result in hypertensive crisis

52
Q

T/F

TCAs shouls not be used concurrently w/ SSRIs and MAOIs

A

TRUE

may inhibit metabolism

53
Q

SSRI used concurrently with MAOIs will result in _______

A

serotonin syndrome

54
Q

T/F

concurrent behavioral therapy is essential for successful pharmacology

A

TRUE

55
Q

________ is used to tx aggression

A 
SSRI
Azapirones
TCAs
hormones
combo
56
Q

________ is used to tx anxieties, fear, phobias

A 
BZs
SSRIS
azapirones
MAOIs
TCAs
57
Q

________ is used to tx CCD in geriatric patients

A

MAOIs- selegrine

58
Q

________ is used to tx Compulsive disorders

A 
SSRIs
antipsychotics
TCAs
opiods
opiod antagonists
59
Q

________ is used to tx Hyperkinesis / ADD

A

CNS stimulants

60
Q

Hyperdopamine causes what?

A

Elation and euphoria

61
Q

What are three examples of Methylxanthines?

A

Caffeine
Theobromine
Theophylline

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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