Review Questions Flashcards
1
Q
list 3 groups who receive lower, on average, employment incomes (explain why)
A
- underemployed part-time workers: due to difficulties finding work such as too many applicants for available jobs, no vacancies in line of work and insufficient work experience (60% were female in 2017)
- women: in 2018 women in full-time paid work earned on average 15.3% less than men (1mil less over lifetime) - due to a highly gender segregated workforce, howard government’s work choice laws caused the pay gap to widen as thousands of women lost penalty rates/ other important job conditions & minimum wages were cut in real terms
2
Q
list 5 groups who receive lower, on average, employment incomes (explain why)
A
- underemployed part-time workers
- women
- Indigenous
- Migrants
- disabled
3
Q
explain 2 major changes in the nature and makeup of the workforce over the last 30 years
A
- participation rate of women in australia has increased from 43.5% to 61%
4
Q
explain 2 major changes in the nature and makeup of the workforce over the last 30 years
A
- participation rate of women in australia has increased from 43.5% to 61%/ women now more likely than men to have tertiary qualification
- greater labour market deregulation
- means reducing restrictions on businesses and their employment decisions
- greater efficiency and responsiveness to market conditions (wages go up and down, freedom to hire and fire)
- outcomes: reduces wages in non-powerful positions (low skilled; low demand; low collectivity)
5
Q
explain why underemployed part-time workers are disadvantaged in the workforce
A
- 60% are female which is a disadvantaged group
- there are too many applicants for available jobs (competition)
- no vacancies in line of work
- insufficient work experience
6
Q
explain why women are disadvantaged in the workforce
A
- full-time women earn 15.3% less than men
- howard gov. work choices law saw pay gap widen as thousands of women lost penalty rates/ other important job conditions/ minimum wages were cut
- gender wage pay gap in aus is above OECD average
- may be due to history deeming women as unskilled underclass in labour market
- women occupy more part-time positions (69%) which helps to explain inferior labour market position (linked to caring responsibilities)
7
Q
explain why indigenous people are disadvantaged in the workforce
A
- unemployment rates 3 times the national average
- lack of education, skills
- limits of location
- discrimination
8
Q
explain why migrants are disadvantaged in the workforce?
A
- sweat shops thriving (immigrant women exploited)
- basic rights violated (no/ minimal entitlements like holidays/sick leave)
- work long hours to meet unrealistic deadlines
- illegal migrant workers
9
Q
what is meant by the term regressive in relation to taxation systems?
A
- more resources available for those in higher income quintile
- people in lowest tax band get the least
- those whose income is so low that its not liable for tax get no benefit at all
10
Q
list 3 tax benefits which high income earners most benefit from
A
- tax rebates (amounts that reduce tax like family tax benefit, child care offset)
- negative gearing
- superannuation
11
Q
define mixed economy of welfare
A
- Provision of social welfare services come from different sectors
1. government (public/state) sector [federal, state, local]
2. for profit sector ‘private’/ market
3. non-gov organisations/ not for profit/ voluntary sector
4. personal/ private/ household/ family/ individual volunteer
12
Q
how is housing an example of mixed economy of welfare
A
gov: public housing
market: private rental
not for profit: community housing
self: purchase
13
Q
what is the difference between formal and informal welfare services
A
formal: formal carer from a service
informal: spouse/child
14
Q
what is social housing?
A
- non-privately owned/managed rental housing
15
Q
how have australian homelessness programs changed over the past decade?
A
- specialist homelessness services (joint commonwealth-state program)
16
Q
main forms of social housing?
A
- public rental housing
- longer term community housing
17
Q
what is social insurance
A
people pay amount into publicly run social insurance fund
-also augmented by employer contributions
18
Q
why are social insurance schemes considered universal
A
not means-tested
19
Q
are social insurance schemes self funded?
A
they are meant to be but in practice they rarely are and the state has to contribute
20
Q
what kind of welfare is the Community Development Employment Program (CDEP)
A
community based welfare
21
Q
who does the CDEP service/ what does it achieve?
A
initiative by aus gov for employment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
22
Q
what does it mean when a payment/service is described as universal?
A
- not means-tested on income
- everyone is entitled
- assistance isn’t considered as income
23
Q
what is welfare quarantining
A
- quarantine 50-100% of welfare payments in indigenous communities so money only spent on essentials (food, clothing, rent)
24
Q
list two health co-payments
A
- 2014 budget: 7$ co-payment for GP visits
- 5$ pharmaceutical co payment
(didn’t go through with this due to backlash)
25
what is the Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)/ how does it improve wellbeing
- intro 1948 citizens right to affordable medicines
| - subsidises cost of prescribed medicines
26
which tier of gov. is primarily responsible for co-funding GP services
commonweath
27
how do co-payments increase health inequalities
- discourage necessary use
| - shift burden from affluent to sick and poor
28
who provides the greatest level of funding to public hospitals?
states and territories
29
what is a reason FOR the provision of PHI rebates
- increased income for providers and medical professionals
30
what is a reason AGAINST the provision of PHI rebates
- lower socioeconomic groups meeting costs of more affluent people who use PH
31
which tier of government is primarily responsible for funding of public schools
- largely state funded &run
| - some federal
32
which tier of government is primarily responsible for funding of private schools
- primarily federal
- fees (high fee independent)
- some state
gov funding constitutes 75% average costs
33
which tier of government is primarily responsible for management/delivery of public schools
states
34
which tier of government is primarily responsible for funding of public schools
- largely state funded &run
| - some federal (commonwealth)
35
what does a two-tiered australian health system mean?
- government-provided healthcare system provides basic care,
- secondary tier for those who can pay for additional, better quality or faster access
36
does a two-tiered health system increase/decrease or not affect equity in health access
- inequitable
- "class based" access
- waiting times for public hospitals vs. private
37
why do government schools have higher enrollments of disadvantaged students?
- residual: for people who can't afford to send their kids to private schools
38
what does a two-tiered education system mean
- choice of equal schooling or choice to get ahead? (elitism)
- should difference in funding support people to get advantages?
39
does a two-tiered education system decrease/increase or not affect equity in school education access
- will elite always be advantaged?
| - boost inequality
40
why do government schools have higher enrollments of disadvantaged students?
- residual: for people who can't afford to send their kids to private schools
- socioeconomic status
41
why do government schools have higher enrollments of disadvantaged students?
- residual: for people who can't afford to send their kids to private schools
- socioeconomic status
- disproportionate share of disadvantaged families (children socially/academically disadvantaged)
42
what is the process of deinstitutionalization?
the release of institutionalized individuals from institutional care (as in a psychiatric hospital) to care in the community
43
what are the two objectives of deinstitutionalization?
- humanization
| - cost cutting
44
what does NDIS mean?
- national disability insurance scheme
- social policy reform (universal)
- bi partisan support (all political support)
45
what does NDIS Address
- greater right to care for disabilities
- reduces inequalities
- parallel system for accidents (inequity of injury payouts)
46
what is mixed economy of care?
- federal gov
- state gov
- private (compensation/insurance for accidents)
- personal networks (family/self)
47
what might be some of the tensions of providing social welfare using faith based organisations within a secular society?
- some churches don't give to those outside parish/religions/sexuality
- fails to recognize state/public welfare/wellbeing given to rest of society and wealthy
48
explain 2 limitations of providing social welfare based on voluntary charity
- some churches don't give to those outside parish/religions/sexuality
- fails to recognize state/public welfare/wellbeing given to rest of society and wealthy
49
what is social democracy characterized by?
- political institutions should control market for citizen benefits (via democracy)
- protect and promote welfare of citizens
- gov intervenes to secure full employment, economic growth, redistributive social welfare
50
describe social citizenship as a normative approach to welfare
- formal legal status conferred by a nation-state
- equality
- linked to rights
- heart of social democratic welfare (citizen entitlement to welfare/rights)
51
list three types of citizenship conceptualized by T.H Marshall
- civil rights
- political rights
- social rights
52
according to t.h marshall, what is civil rights
rights necessary for individual freedom (liberty, free speech/thought, rights to own property, right to justice before law)
53
according to t.h marshall, what is political rights
right to participate in the exercise of political power (vote, protest)
54
according to t.h marshall, what is social rights
- whole range
- economic welfare and security
- share social heritage and live life of civilized being to prevailing societal standards
55
provide an example of how respect may be applied to operation of a form of social welfare
- universalism
- respecting diversities of identities, practices and beliefs
- recognize equal moral worth of all persons
