Review questions Flashcards
Why is biochemistry so important to understanding biology?
it provides information about the structural and biological functions of living things
What is electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself.
Why is electronegativity important
determines the nature of the chemical bond between two atoms and the reactivity of each atom
An example of electornegativity
Polar bonds
non polar bonds
intermolecular bond
3 functions of carbs
- cell communication
- energy source (short term and long term)
- structural support
Draw a glucose - alpha or beta
look it up haha
What is an example of how carbs give structural support
- cellulose
Example of a carb that gives cell communication
monoscaccrides
If the OH is on top of carbon 1 the glucose is a…
beta molecule
Why is alpha and beta glucose important?
- Alpha can easily be broken down
- Beta has higher van der Waal forces and an increase of hydrogen bonding therefore it is on a different bond angle
draw a beta glucose
look it up
Where do you see A and B glucose
- cellulose
- chitin
How does chemistry drive the biology for carbs
One change in the hydroxyl position makes a big impact on the molecule (A and B glucose)
How does chemistry drive the biology for lipids
because of the crooked structure in unsaturated fat, it is easier to break down becuase of the weak van der Waal force and a decrease in H bonding. A saturated fat is harder to break down due to its straight structure and the van der waal force compacting the tryglicerid together
What is a triglyceride
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
- Saturated fats
- straight structure because it is single bonded
- harder to break down because it lies flat and it is more compact because of the van der waal forces holding the triglyceride together
- unsaturated fats
- Is double bonded so it has a crooked structure
-easieer to break down because they are more spread out
- Is double bonded so it has a crooked structure
What is the difference between and trans and cis fat
- both unsaturated
- The H bond are on different sides of the tryglyceride therefore the double bond gets straightened
- trans fats are harder to break down, higher van der waal forces
What is the difference between OMEGA 3 & 6
Where the double H band is placed depicts the characteristics of the molecule
Draw an amino acid
look it up
How does chemistry drive the biology for proteins
- The chemistry of amino acid side chains is critical to protein structure
- the side chains determine whether it is polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged
Explain an amino acid
- the side chains determine whether it is polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged
- 20 different types
- the order of amino acids determines the shape of the folding
Describe the 4 protein formations
- first: polypeptide is formed
- seconded: local folding and H bonding of the polypeptide into beta-pleated sheets and alpha-helix sheets
- third: the secondary structure folds on itself due to the side chains
- fourth: two polypeptide chains come together and form a protein
What are the 4 functions of proteins?
- transportation
- hormones
- guide and direct enzymes
- structure support
What is denaturation
Shape changes due to environmental factors making the protein unable to function
What way can we have denaturation
- high temps
- pH levels
- radiation
- harsh chemicals
How are enzymes regulate in the body
- allosteric inhibitors
- temperature
- environmental
- competitive and non-competitive
- cofactors
- cell shape concentration
Why is enzyme regulation important
- They are specialized
- have to respond to the demands of the cell. cells have limited resources to we have to respond to the needs in a timely manner
Draw a basic building block nucleic acid
look it up
What is the difference between DNA & RNA?
The hydroxyl on the second carbon determines whether it is a DNA or RNA structure
- Different bases and ACGT and ACGU
- RNA is less stable but it is a good chemical messenger
What makes a phosphodiester bond
Between nucleotides
What are the structures in the cell membrane
pholipid: creates a bilayer (forms the basic structure)
Cholesterol: keeps the membrane fluid like
carbs: communication (blood type)
Protein: transportation
What is a passive transport
- diffusion
- osmosis
- facilitatvie diffusion
What are the passive transport charactieristics
- no energy
- randomly moving
- from high concentration to low concentration
What are the three types of active transportand what do they do
- endocytosis - moving stuff in the cell
- exocytosis - moving stuff out of the cell
- protein pumps - moving things across the membrane
Why cant we just live with just passive or acitve transport
- There would be more solutes inside the cell than on the outside, and water would flow into the cell toward the higher solute concentration
