Carbohydrates (CHO) Flashcards
By the end you must be able to describe how the specific structure of biological molecules impact their function in the body
What is the function of a carb?
- short or long-term energy source
- provides structural support
- surface marker on cells for cell communication
What is the stucture of carb
- CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) are constucted into simple sugars
- simple sugar molecules contain a hydrocarbon chain, hydroxyl groups, and carbonyl group
- usually form a ringed stucture
draw a glucose molecule
look it up lol
What is a monosaccharide
- CHO that only consists of 1 simple sugar molecule
- quick energy source
When will monosaccharide form a linear and ring structure
linear - dry state
ring - dissolved in water
Examples of monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, ribose
explain glucose
- hexose (6 carbons)
- C6H12O6
Explain Alpha and Beta glucose
- geometrical stereoisomer
- THEIR ATOMS ARE BONDED IN THE SAME WAY BUT WITH DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF SPACE
- different properties
Explain how condensation reaction is used in glucose
Glucose and fructose combine to produce the disaccharide sucrose in a condensation reaction. A disaccharide is a carbohydrate formed by the joining of two monosaccharides.
Example of a disaccharide
table sugar or sucrose
Explain d-glucose and l-glucose
- bother optical stereoisomers
- they mirror images of eachother
- have different properties
Examples of d- and l- glucose
d-: cough medicine
l- pain killers like morphine
All living things use…
D-glucose
What is a disacchride
- made up of 2 sugars
- formed from a condensation reaction between simple sugar molecules through glycosidic linkage
Explain Maltose
- formed between 2 a-D-glucose molecules
- the bond between the glucose molecules is called an 1-4 glycosidic linkage
Explain Sucrose
- formed between two a-D-glucose molecules
- the bond formed between the two sugar molecules in an a 1-3 glycosidic linkages
Explain oligosaccharides
- made up of 3-9 sugar molecules
- found on plasma membranes where they play a role in cell-to-cell recognition and communication
- This will also determine your blood type
Explain polysaccharide
- CHO that contains many simple sugar molecules
- used in plants and animals for long-term energy storage and structural support
Examples of polysaccharide
chitin, cellulose, starch, glycogen
Explain Glycogen
- long-term energy
- stored in the nucleus and liver of animals for energy storage
- formed from D-glucose molecules
- main chains consist of 1-4 glycosidic linkages
- branched consists of 1-6 glycosidic linkages
What is a starch
- used by plants for energy
- formed from D-glucose molecules
what is Cellulose (fibre)
- linear molecules used by plants for structural support
- consists of B 1-4 glycosidic linkages that cannot be broken down by human enzymes
- long chains held together by hydrogen bonds
What is chitin
- used by insects, crustaceans, and fungi for structural support
- formed from linked N-acetyl glucosamine molecules
- B linkages cellulose with N-acetyl group on the 2nd carbon - increased H-bonds resaulting in stronger molecules
How does chemistry drive the biology
The chemistry and structure of carbohydrates greatly influence their function in living organisms. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and they are typically classified into three main groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
The structure of carbohydrates is determined by the type and number of monosaccharides they are made up of, as well as the type of glycosidic bonds that connect them together. The structure of a carbohydrate can have a significant impact on its function.
