Review one

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

– a proposed explanation made with limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation (educated guess)

Question 2

independent/ dependent variables

Answer 2

independent (x) variation does not depend on that of another (experimenter); dependent (y) is the variable being tested (changes as a result of the independent variable)

Question 3

control group

Answer 3

– group that does not get treatment; is compared to the treatment group as a baseline

Question 4

biology

Answer 4

the study of living organisms (bio is life, ology is study of)

Question 5

science

Answer 5

an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world and the body of knowledge that goes with it.

Question 6

pseudoscience

Answer 6

– something mistakenly regarded as scientific (False science)
g. theory – an idea intended to explain something and has been well tested hypotheses (hasn’t been proven wrong)

Question 7

fact

Answer 7

– something that truly exists or happens that competent observers can agree

Question 8

law

Answer 8

general hypothesis or statement about relationship of the natural quantities that has been tested over and over again has not been contradicted

Question 9

theory

Answer 9

an idea intended to explain something and has been well tested hypotheses (hasn’t been proven wrong)

Question 10

atom

Answer 10

basic unit of matter (protons, neutrons, electrons)

Question 11

group (periodic table)

Answer 11

column of elements; also knowns as a family; there are 18 (outer shell valence electrons)

Question 12

period (periodic table)

Answer 12

rows if elements; have the same number of atomic orbitals (same number of shells)

Question 13

What are the 6 stages of scientific investigation and what do they mean?

Answer 13

a. Observation – view what is happening
b. Hypothesis – make an educated guess
c. Prediction – if your guess is right, what would you expect?
d. Testing – experiment
e. Controls – use as a standard for comparison
f. Conclusion – what is you learn? Was your hypothesis accepted or rejected?

Question 14

What’s the difference between a scientific hypothesis and any other “hypothesis”?

Answer 14

For a hypothesis (educated guess) to be a scientific hypothesis, it must be able to be tested scientifically

Question 15

List in order and define the levels of organization.

Answer 15

a. Cell – smallest/basic unit of life
b. Tissue – group of similar cells that together perform a specific function
c. Organ – group of tissues working together to perform a specific task
d. Organ system – several organs working together to perform a specific function
e. Organism – a single living thing (can be just a single cell)
f. Population – group of the same species within a certain region
g. Community – group of populations within a certain region
h. Ecosystem – community plus the non-living environment
i. Biome – collection of ecosystems that have similar climates and dominant communities
j. Biosphere – part of the Earth where all life exists (sum total of all ecosystems)

Question 16

Know the parts and charges of the atom.

Answer 16

a. Proton (+)
b. Neutron (neutral)
c. Electron (-)

Question 17

Which part of the atom is responsible and involved in chemical reactions?

Answer 17

Electron (outer shell)

Question 18

What happens from left to right on the periodic table?

Answer 18

a. atomic number increases; increasing electronegativity; ionization energy increases; increasing electron affinity; decreasing atomic radius (Moving Metals to non-metals)

Question 19

What do all atoms in a group have similar?

Answer 19

Same number of valence shell electrons; same chemical reactivity

Question 20

What’s the difference between an ionic bond and covalent bond?

Answer 20

a. Ionic bond – an electron is transferred between atoms (bond between metal and non metals)
b. Covalent bond – an electron is shared between atoms (nonmetals)

Question 21

What’s a salt?

Answer 21

a. A metal and a nonmetal they a joined together by a ionic bond to form Na+Cl- Sodium chloride (1st two rows with the last two rows make salts)

Question 22

What’s the difference between a polar and non-polar covalent bond?

Answer 22

a. Polar covalent bond – pair of electrons are unequally shared between two atoms
b. Non-polar covalent bond – pair of electrons are shared equally

Question 23

Be able to predict how many bonds an atom will want to form and whether it is covalent or ionic.

Answer 23

Transfer (ionic) vs share (covalent) and equal share (non-polar) vs unequal share (polar) – determine how may electrons an atom needs to complete its valence shell and be HAPPY

Question 24

What are the 4 organic macromolecules we talked about and their description?

Answer 24

a. Proteins-building block of life (most versatile)
b. Lipids-fats, oils, waxes (mostly long terms energy storage)
c. Carbs-simple and complex sugars such as glucose and fructose (mostly short term energy storage)
d. Nucleic Acid- RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Stores genetic information Instruction for life heredity, protein synthesis

Question 25

Covalent bonds can…

Answer 25

share electrons equally

share electrons unequally

Question 26

A single covalent bond results from the sharing of ___ electrons.

Answer 26

2

Question 27

Conclusion

Answer 27

tentatively accepted or possiblely rejected hypothesis

Question 28

Predictions

Answer 28

expected consequences of a hypothesis

Question 29

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 29

form when unlike atoms don’t equally share electrons and cause opposite partial charges on both sides of the molecule

Question 30

As you move up or down within a column on the periodic table…

Answer 30

atoms increasingly pull electrons to them

Question 31

As you move left to right on the periodic table..

Answer 31

atoms increasingly pull electrons to them