Review one Flashcards
Hypothesis
– a proposed explanation made with limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation (educated guess)
independent/ dependent variables
independent (x) variation does not depend on that of another (experimenter); dependent (y) is the variable being tested (changes as a result of the independent variable)
control group
– group that does not get treatment; is compared to the treatment group as a baseline
biology
the study of living organisms (bio is life, ology is study of)
science
an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world and the body of knowledge that goes with it.
pseudoscience
– something mistakenly regarded as scientific (False science)
g. theory – an idea intended to explain something and has been well tested hypotheses (hasn’t been proven wrong)
fact
– something that truly exists or happens that competent observers can agree
law
general hypothesis or statement about relationship of the natural quantities that has been tested over and over again has not been contradicted
theory
an idea intended to explain something and has been well tested hypotheses (hasn’t been proven wrong)
atom
basic unit of matter (protons, neutrons, electrons)
group (periodic table)
column of elements; also knowns as a family; there are 18 (outer shell valence electrons)
period (periodic table)
rows if elements; have the same number of atomic orbitals (same number of shells)
What are the 6 stages of scientific investigation and what do they mean?
a. Observation – view what is happening
b. Hypothesis – make an educated guess
c. Prediction – if your guess is right, what would you expect?
d. Testing – experiment
e. Controls – use as a standard for comparison
f. Conclusion – what is you learn? Was your hypothesis accepted or rejected?
What’s the difference between a scientific hypothesis and any other “hypothesis”?
For a hypothesis (educated guess) to be a scientific hypothesis, it must be able to be tested scientifically
List in order and define the levels of organization.
a. Cell – smallest/basic unit of life
b. Tissue – group of similar cells that together perform a specific function
c. Organ – group of tissues working together to perform a specific task
d. Organ system – several organs working together to perform a specific function
e. Organism – a single living thing (can be just a single cell)
f. Population – group of the same species within a certain region
g. Community – group of populations within a certain region
h. Ecosystem – community plus the non-living environment
i. Biome – collection of ecosystems that have similar climates and dominant communities
j. Biosphere – part of the Earth where all life exists (sum total of all ecosystems)
Know the parts and charges of the atom.
a. Proton (+)
b. Neutron (neutral)
c. Electron (-)
Which part of the atom is responsible and involved in chemical reactions?
Electron (outer shell)
What happens from left to right on the periodic table?
a. atomic number increases; increasing electronegativity; ionization energy increases; increasing electron affinity; decreasing atomic radius (Moving Metals to non-metals)
What do all atoms in a group have similar?
Same number of valence shell electrons; same chemical reactivity
What’s the difference between an ionic bond and covalent bond?
a. Ionic bond – an electron is transferred between atoms (bond between metal and non metals)
b. Covalent bond – an electron is shared between atoms (nonmetals)
What’s a salt?
a. A metal and a nonmetal they a joined together by a ionic bond to form Na+Cl- Sodium chloride (1st two rows with the last two rows make salts)
What’s the difference between a polar and non-polar covalent bond?
a. Polar covalent bond – pair of electrons are unequally shared between two atoms
b. Non-polar covalent bond – pair of electrons are shared equally
Be able to predict how many bonds an atom will want to form and whether it is covalent or ionic.
Transfer (ionic) vs share (covalent) and equal share (non-polar) vs unequal share (polar) – determine how may electrons an atom needs to complete its valence shell and be HAPPY
What are the 4 organic macromolecules we talked about and their description?
a. Proteins-building block of life (most versatile)
b. Lipids-fats, oils, waxes (mostly long terms energy storage)
c. Carbs-simple and complex sugars such as glucose and fructose (mostly short term energy storage)
d. Nucleic Acid- RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Stores genetic information Instruction for life heredity, protein synthesis
