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LOCO2 > Review of the Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Review of the Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hip ligaments?

A
  • pubo-femoral ligament
  • ischio-femoral ligament (posterior)
  • ligamentum teres (femoral head to acetabulum)
  • ilio-femoral ligament
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2
Q

What is Shenton’s line?

A
  • inferior border of superior pubic ramus along inferomedial border of neck of femur
  • if not smooth = indicates femoral neck fracture
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3
Q

What is special about the ilio-femoral ligament?

A
  • largest and strongest

- anteriorly so posterior is weaker = hip tends to dislocate posteriorly

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4
Q

What are the fibres of the ligaments?

A
  • straight = most movable in flexion

- twisted = most stable in extension

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5
Q

How does the femoral artery supply the hip?

A
  • profunda femoris
  • to femoral head, neck, trochanters
  • medial to femur
  • gives off lateral and medial circumflex arteries
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6
Q

How does the obturator artery supply the hip?

A
  • artery to the head of the femur

- important in development but loses function in adults

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7
Q

How can femoral fracture result in avascular necrosis?

A
  • if fracture is high enough can cut off circumflex arteries
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8
Q

Where should the gluteal intramuscular injection be placed?

A
  • in upper outer quadrant

- due to vast number of structures in gluteal region

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9
Q

What are the ligaments of the gluteal region?

A
  • sacrospinous

- sacrotuberous

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10
Q

What passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A
  • sciatic nerve
  • piriformis
  • pudendal nerve
  • superior and inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle
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11
Q

What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A
  • pudendal nerve

- tendon of obturator internus

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12
Q

What are the 3 gluteal muscles?

A
  • gluteal maximus
  • gluteal medius
  • gluteal minimus
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13
Q

What is the action of the gluteal muscles?

A
  • gluteus maximus = hip extension, hip lateral rotator/abduction
  • gluteus medius = abduction hip/leg stabilising pelvis
  • gluteus minimus = abduction of hip/leg stabilising pelvis
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14
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteal muscles?

A
  • gluteal maximus = inferior gluteal nerve
  • gluteal medius = superior gluteal nerve
  • gluteal minimus = superior gluteal nerve
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15
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus insert on?

A
  • onto gluteal tuberosity of the femur
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16
Q

What are the lateral rotators apart from the gluteal muscles?

A
  • piriformis

- nerve supply is L5-S2

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17
Q

What is the Trendelenburg test?

A
  • tests superior gluteal nerve

- stand on 1 leg and opposite side droops as affected

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18
Q

What is the function of the anterior compartment?

A
  • hip flexion

- knee extension

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19
Q

What innervates the anterior compartment?

A
  • femoral nerve
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20
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment?

A
  • iliopsoas
  • rectus femoris
  • sartorius
  • pectineus
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21
Q

What are the attachments of the muscles of the anterior compartment?

A
  • iliopsoas (spine to lesser trochanter)
  • rectus femoris (from AIIS)
  • sartorius (ASIS to tibia)
  • pectineus (pubis to femur)
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22
Q

What is the function of the medial compartment?

A
  • hip adduction
23
Q

What is the innervation of the medial compartment?

A
  • obturator nerve

apart from hamstring portion of adductor magnus

24
Q

Where do the muscles of the medial compartment attach?

A
  • to the pelvis distally to linea asperea
25
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment?

A
  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • gracilis
26
Q

What is the function of the posterior compartment?

A
  • hip extension

- knee flexion

27
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment?

A
  • tibia division of the sciatic nerve
28
Q

Where do the hamstrings originate?

A

ischial tuberosity
distally attach on tibia
therefore act to flex the knee joint

29
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment?

A
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
  • biceps femoris (long head)
30
Q

What is the pes anserinus?

A
  • insertion of sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus
31
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A
  • inguinal ligament
  • sartorius
  • adductor longus
32
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain?

A

NAVEL

33
Q

What passes through the adductor hiatus?

A
  • femoral artery

- then becomes popliteal artery

34
Q

What is the largest joint in the body?

A
  • knee
35
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the knee joint?

A
  • lateral femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
  • medial formal and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
  • patella and femur
36
Q

What does the stability of the knee depend on?

A
  • strength and action of surrounding muscles and tendons

- ligaments connecting femur and tibia

37
Q

What are the collateral ligaments of the knee?

A
  • fibular (lateral) = not attached to joint capsule

- tibial (medial) = thickening of joint capsule

38
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A
  • stops tibia moving backward on femur
  • helps stabilise knee in flexion
  • prevents tibia externally rotating
  • stronger than ACL
  • prevents femur sliding anteriorly on tibia
  • rupture = posterior drawer sign
39
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A
  • stops tibia moving forward on femur
  • helps stabilise knee in extension
  • prevents hyperextension and excessive internal rotation
  • prevents femur sliding posterior on tibia
  • rupture = anterior drawer sign
40
Q

What are the features of the medial meniscus of the knee?

A
  • C shaped
  • broader posteriorly than anteriorly
  • anteriorly attached to ACL
  • firmly adhered to tibial collateral ligament
41
Q

What are the features of the lateral meniscus of the knee?

A
  • nearly circular
  • smaller and more freely movable than medial
  • attached to PCL
42
Q

What does the popliteal fossa contain?

A
  • popliteal artery (media)
  • popliteal vein
  • tibial nerve (lateral) into common peroneal nerve and sural nerve
43
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the leg?

A
  • anterior compartment
  • posterior compartment
  • lateral compartment
44
Q

What is the function of the leg anterior compartment, nerve supply and blood supply?

A
  • dorsiflexion and extension of digits
  • deep peroneal nerve
  • anterior tibial artery
45
Q

What is the function of the leg posterior compartment, nerve supply and blood supply?

A
  • plantarflexion and flexion of digits
  • tibial nerve
  • posterior tibial artery
46
Q

What is the function of the leg lateral compartment, nerve supply and blood supply?

A
  • eversion
  • superficial peroneal nerve
  • fibular artery
47
Q

What is the popliteal artery divisions?

A
  • anterior tibial
  • dorsalis pedis
  • deep peroneal perforating branches
  • posterior tibial
  • medial and lateral plantar
48
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

A
  • tibial nerve

- common peroneal

49
Q

What compartments does the tibial nerve supply?

A
  • superficial posterior compartment (calf muscles, ankle plantar flexors)
  • deep posterior compartment (plantar flexors of the foot)
50
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve supply?

A
  • superficial peroneal nerve (lateral compartment, eversion)

- deep peroneal nerve (anterior compartment, dorsiflexion)

51
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A
  • hinge joint
52
Q

What makes up the ankle joint?

A
  • tibia, fibula, talus bones
53
Q

What is the ankle reinforced by laterally?

A
  • anterior talofibular ligament
  • posterior talofibular ligament
  • calcaneofibular ligament
54
Q

What is the ankle reinforced by medially?

A
  • deltoid ligament

LOCO2 (26 decks)

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