Review Of Surface Anatomy Flashcards
imaginary planes or flat surfaces that cut through and section the body in its anatomical position.
Body plane
Anatomical position
Standing upright/erect
Face and eyes directed forward
Arms extended by the sides
Palms turned forward
Heels together
Toes pointing anteriorly
What are the 4 fundamental planes
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Oblique
What are the 2 special planes
Interiliac plane
Occlusal plane
Transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crest
Level: L4 spinous process
Used in positioning:
Lumbar spine
Sacrum
Coccyx
Interiliac plane
Formed by biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Used in positioning:
Odontoid process
Some head projections
Occlusal plane
What are the two imaginary perpendicular plane that divides the abdomen into the 4 quadrant
Transverse plane
Vertical plane
What are the 4 quadrant
RUQ
RLQ
LUQ
LLQ
What are the two transverse plane
Trans pyloric plane
Transtubercular plane
At the level of the lower border of L1 (first lumbar vertebra
Transpyloric plane
at the level of L5
Transtubercular plane
What are the two vertical plane
Left and Right lateral plane
The right and left lateral planes are parallel to the midsagittal plane and are located midway between it and each anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
Left and Right lateral plane
What are the 9 region of the abdomen
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lateral (lumbar)
Umbilical
Left lateral (lumbar)
Right inguinal (iliac)
Pubic (hypogastric)
Left inguinal (iliac
Provide useful, palpable guide points for radiographic positioning.
Variations are seen between patients for different body habitus, but these landmarks represent the anatomic relationships of an average patient.
Surface landmark
C1
Mastoid tip
C2-c3
Angle of mandible
C3-c4
Hyoid bone
C5
Thyroid cartilage
C7-t1
Vertebral prominence
T1
Approximately 2 in above jugular notch
T2-t3
Jugular nuts
T4-t5
Sternal angle
T7
Inferior angle of scapula
T9-t10
Xiphoid process
L2-l3
Inferior costal margin
L4-L5
Iliac crest
S1-s2
ASIS
Coccyx
Pubic symphysis and Greater trochanter
What are the 4 types of body habitus
Hypersthenic
Sthenic
Asthenic
Hyposthenic
Body build: Most massive
Chest and abdomen: Very broad and deep from front to back.
Lungs: Short
Diaphragm: High.
Transverse colon: Quite high
Entire large intestine: Extends to the periphery of the abdominal cavity.
Gallbladder: High and almost transverse. It lies well to the right of midline in the upper abdominal cavity.
The stomach: Very high and assumes a transverse position.
Hypersthenic
The opposite of hypersthenic.
Body build: More slender
Lungs: Narrow
Diaphragm: Low
Large intestine: Pushed down into the low abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Stomach:J-shaped and low in the abdominal cavity, extending from approximately T11 down to L5 or lower.
The gallbladder is near the midline, at the level of the iliac crest, approximately at L3 to L4.
Hyposthenic/asthenic
Body build: Average
Stomach: J-shaped, located lower within the abdominal cavity than in the hypersthenic body type
Gallbladder:Less transverse and lies midway between the lateral abdominal wall and midline.
Left colic (splenic) flexure of the large intestine: Quite high, resting under the left diaphragm.
Sthenic
The study of bones
Osteology
How many bones are in the adult body
206
The adult human skeleton is divided into _________&___________
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Includes all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body.
Consists of 80 bones
Includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
How many bones are in the axial skeleton
80
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton
126
What are the 5 types of bones
Flat
Long
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid
Consist of a body and two ends or extremities.
Are found only in the appendicular skeleton.
Long bone
Are roughly cuboidal
Found only in the wrists and ankles.
Short bones
Consist of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them.
Examples of flat bones are the bones that make up the calvaria (skull cap), sternum, ribs, and scapulae.
Flat bones
Bones that have peculiar shapes.
Vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, and bones of the pelvis are examples of irregular bones.
Irregular bones
Study of joints
Arthrology
2 classification of joints
Structural
Functtional
What is under structural joints
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
Synovial
What is under functional joints
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
What is under fibrous joints
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmosis
What is under cartilaginous joints
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
No movement between joints
Synarthrosis
Slightly movable joints
Amphiarthrosis
Movable joints
Diarthrosis
