RADPATHO Flashcards
a term that literally refers to a lack of “ease.”
It is a condition that is marked by an abnormal disturbance in the function and or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury or trauma
Disease
The study of disease and how it impacts the human body.
Pathology
partial list of sources for pathology/Disease Classifications
Hereditary/ congenital
Tumor
Iatrogenic
Infection
Any adverse conditions that results from medical treatment.
An example would be a pneumothorax that occurs as the result of a thoracentesis.
Iatrogenic
infection is acquired from a health care environment.
Nosocomial infection
Source of pathology or disease classification
Inflammatory
Metabolic
Degenerative
Trauma
In utero
Maternal infections (Rubella/German Measles), radiation, trauma or drugs
Usually cannot be recognized before birth
Congenital
Other name of German measles
Rubella
Symptoms of rubella
Mild fever
Headache
Joint pain
Runny nose
Swollen lymph nodes
Conjunctivitis or sore eyes
What is the other name for measles
Rubeola
Symptoms of rubeola
High fever
Coryza or common colds
Cough
Conjunctivitis or sore eyes
Genetically transmitted from either parent to child
Hereditary
Genetic testing can detect these before birth
Intervention
Terminate pregnancy
Make decision
How may chromosomes are in a human body
46
Other name of down syndrome
Trisomy 21
Other name of down syndrome
Trisomy 21
This is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize an abnormal disturbance.
Syndrome
This is a genetic disorder of connective tissue
It is characterized by a predisposition to cardiac disorders, long limbs, long fingers, and a tall stature
Marfan’s syndrome
Which president has Marfan’s syndrome
Abraham Lincoln
This is the study of the cause and origin of a disease
Etiology
This refers to the fact that there may be no real cause for the disease.
Examples would be hypertension and a spontaneous pneumothorax.
Idiopathic
the buildup of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity.
Pleural effusion
the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
the presence of blood in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
refers to the body’s ability to wall-off and sequester an injurious agent.
The ultimate goal of this process is the safe removal of said injurious agents.
Inflammation
is the process of dilating capillaries to allow fluids and leucocytes to infiltrate the infected area.
Hyperemia
The leucocytes will act to remove cellular debris through a process known as
Phagocytosis
The cardinal signs of inflammation include
Heat redness and often decrease in function
Classic signs of inflammation
Heat, redness, pain, swelling and loss of function
Calor
Heat
Rubor
Red
Dolor
Pain
Functio laesa
Loss of function
Inflammatory reaction
Abscess
Ulcers
Cellulitis
This type of inflammatory reaction causes the injurious agent to become a walled-off ball of pus.
Antibiotics cannot penetrate an abscess since they do not contain a blood supply like a neoplasm.
Abscess
This is another type of inflammatory reaction that is the result of a healing wound that is located on the skin or a mucous membrane
Ulcers
This is an acute bacterial infection of the skin and is a third example of an inflammatory reaction.
It can be found anywhere in the body but it is more often seen in areas where the skin can be damaged and thus allow a portal of entry for bacteria.
A byproduct of bacterial reproduction within the tissue is the excretion of methane.
This can sometimes be demonstrated on a radiograph as depicted on the next slide
Cellulitis
This is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities or intercellular spaces.
The increase in fluid can be localized within a structure or dispersed throughout the body.
Edema
is essentially edema of the peritoneal cavity.
Ascites
This abnormal, extracellular fluid essentially consists of water that contains a low cell count.
As a result, they are usually clear.
A good example would be a pleural effusion
Transudates fluid
This fluid filters from the circulatory system into lesions and generally contains water, pus, and/or blood.
Since it contain infected fluid (pus/bacteria), they are therefore not clear
Exudates fluid
This term refers to an obstruction of the normal blood flow to an organ or structure.
It usually results from either a narrowing of blood vessels from plaque formation (fatty cholesterol deposits) or as the result of a thrombic occlusion.
As humans age, primary blood vessels into an organ may become stenotic due to plaque formation within their lumen.
Ischemia
is the body’s natural defense against ischemia.
Collateral circulation
Loss of blood supply to an organ or structure will cause the surrounding tissue to become necrotic.
Infarct
The following is a list of diseases that are either caused by an infarct or may result in an infarct:
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Pulmonary Embolus
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Hernia (Mechanical Obstruction)
Volvulus
bleeding is simply the loss of blood from the circulatory system
Hemorrhage
The following is a list of a few examples of a hemorrhage
Hematoma
Ecchymosis
Purpura
Petechia
This occurs as the result of a break in a blood vessel that causes a pooling of blood below the surface of the skin, organ, or structure
Hematoma
This is a type of hematoma that is commonly referred to as a bruise or contusion.
Capillaries below the skin are damaged usually as the result of some type of trauma.
Ecchymosis
These are red or purple spots on the body that are caused by a hemorrhage.
They are often the result of some type of platelet or coagulation disorder.
Purpura
This is a type of purpura that consists of very small red or purple spot on the body.
Petechia
This is the inability of an organ or structure to form properly.
The defective development of an organ can result in the partial or complete loss of an organ.
Aplasia
is the decrease in size of the cells within an organ or structure.
Atrophy
common causes of atrophy:
Lack of Physical Activity
Poor Nourishment
Nerve Damage
Poor Circulation
This is the opposite of atrophy in that there is an abnormal increase in cell size.
Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is also sometimes referred to as __________or __________.
Hyperplasia or hypergenesis
common causes of hypertrophy:
An Increase in Physical Activity
Hormonal Changes
Chronic Inflammation
This is the abnormal proliferation of foreign cells that form a mass of tissue within an organ or structure.
Neoplasm
neoplasm will compete for nutrients from the cells that normally comprise the host organ and it is often referred to as a mass or
Tumor
study of neoplasms
Oncology
one that is self-limited and will not spread or seed to distant sites within the host organism
Benign neoplasm
on the other hand, does possess the ability to spread to distant sites in the body.
Malignant neoplasm
If left untreated or undetected, malignant neoplasms will ultimately result in this condition.
It is characterized by fatigue, atrophy, weakness, and anorexia.
often seen as an end-stage to cancer
Cachexia
What are the 4 major categories of cancer
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
This type of cancer will arise from epithelial cells or tissues such as the breast, colon, or pancreas
Carcinoma
Relatively rare but highly malignant.
This is cancer of soft tissue or connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat.
Sarcoma
This is cancer of the blood and blood forming tissues.
Leukemia
is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature blood cells that do not possess the ability to fight infection
Acute leukemia
is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of mature blood cells that do not possess the ability to fight infection.
Chronic leukemia
This type of cancer originates in lymphatic tissues and affects the production of lymphocytes (white blood cells).
Lymphoma
2 major categories of lymphoma
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma and
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
This is the most common type of lymphoma and it is found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and GI tract.
NHLs are a diverse group of diseases that can develop in any organ that is associated with the lymphatic system and has an unknown etiology
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
This type of cancer is also associated with lymphatic tissue and it was first describe by_____on 1832
Thomas Hodgkin
This cancer is characterized by the lymph nodes becoming swollen and rubbery yet they remain pain free.
It is definitively diagnosed via lymph node biopsy and finding the presence of Reed-Sternberg Cells. Hodgkin’s disease has an unknown etiology.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
The three primary methods of treating malignancies are as follows:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
