Review of innate system Flashcards
Why is the adaptive immune system not apt for new pathogens?
→too slow
Compare innate and adaptive immune system
→Adaptive immunity – involves very specific recognition of infectious agent
→Innate immunity – no specific antigen recognition
→Innate immunity involves recognition of broadly conserved features of different classes of pathogens
How is pattern recognition done in innate response?
→PAMPs
What are PAMPs?
→Molecules present only on pathogens and not on host cells
→Essential for survival of pathogens
→Invariant structures shared by entire class of pathogens
What type of bacteria have PAMPs?
→gram negative or positive
Example of PAMPs in gram negative bacteria
→lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) outer membrane
Examples of gram positive bacteria cell wall components
→teichoic acid
→lipoteichoic acid
→peptidoglycan found in outer membrane
What are other PAMPs?
→Bacterial flagellin
→Abnormal protein glycosylation
→Abnormal nucleic acids - viruses
What are PRRs?
→Host factors that specifically recognise a particular type of PAMP
How are PRRs encoded?
→germ line encoded
→no rearrangement unlike antibodies
What are the 3 types of PRRs?
→Extracellular
→intracellular
→secreted
What are secreted PRRs?
→they act to tag circulating pathogens for elimination
→eg complements
What are the components of innate immunity?
→The inflammatory response →Phagocytes Monocytes/granulocytes/neutrophils →Complement →Cytokines, chemokines and anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) →Natural Killer cells
What is an inflammatory response?
→localize and eliminate injurious agents and to remove damaged tissue components
What are the features of inflammatory response?
→Enhanced permeability and extravasation
→Neutrophil recruitment
→Enhanced cell adhesion
→Enhance clotting
What is the inflammatory response trigger?
→the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?
→cytokines enhance inflammatory
→chemokines act to create chemical concentration gradient for neutrophils to migrate to
What are TLRs not involved in?
→phagocytosis
What is a distinct feature of phagocytic recognition?
→they use different pattern recognition receptors
What are neutrophils involved in?
→Neutrophils involved in tissue damage not involved in priming adaptive response
What are the three distinct roles of macrophages and dendritic cells?
→Phagocytosis; material is destroyed in lysosomes
→activated macrophages produce cytokines and chemokines
→Peptides from broken down pathogens can be presented through MHC and promote the development or recall of an adaptive T cell response