BacVirVac Flashcards
When was Hep B added to the 6:1 vaccine and why?
→2017 due to an increasing number of babies acquiring the disease. Tradename of vaccine Infanrix Hexa
What type of vaccine is polio and why?
→inactivated due to problem of reversion to virulence with the live attenuated vaccine
What type of vaccination is Hib?
→conjugated
→either diphtheria or tetanus toxoids or meningococcal outer membrane proteins
What type of vaccine is Hep B?
→recombinant sub-unit vaccine
Why does the 6:1 vaccine need boosting?
→none of them are live
What type of vaccine is pneumococcal?
→Conjugated polysaccharide
→Children under 2 can’t make a long-lasting protective immune response
to polysaccharide vaccines so they need a conjugated vaccine
How is the rotavirus vaccine given?
→oral live vaccine given by syringe into the babies mouth
What type of vaccine is MMR?
→live attenuated vaccine
Which vaccines are in the 4:1 pre-school booster?
→tetanus,
→diptheria,
→whooping cough,
→ polio
What is in the 3:1 teenage booster?
→tetanus
→diphtheria
→polio
What stain is N.meningitidis
→-ve
Which vaccine is given to uni students?
→MenC
What type of vaccine is MenC?
→conjugated bacterial polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid
Why was the MenB vaccine difficult to develop?
→because polysaccharide too similar to that on some human cells
What is the MenB vaccine made from?
→3 major proteins found on meningococcal bacteri
What stain is Haemophilus influenze?
→-ve
What are the symptoms of bacteria meningitis?
→nasopharyngitis →otitis media →sinusitis →epiglottitis →neurological disorders
What is the mechanism of diptheria?
→Corynebacterium diphtheriae
→Inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes
→Toxin produced locally but acts at a distance
→kills epithelial cells and polymorphs
→gelatinous exudate
→ulcer - necrotic exudate - Pseudomembrane
What is the diphtheria vaccine combined with?
→aluminium salts adjuvant
What are the fatal symptoms of diphtheria?
→local inflammation ,
→swelling,
→lymph nodes - Bull Neck
What stain is Clostridium tetani?
→+ve
→soil dwellers
→anerobe
What is the mechanism of action for C.tetani?
→Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin that inhibits release of neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) from inhibitory interneurons, which interact with motor neurones,
→resulting in violent spastic paralysis
How is the tetanus vaccine prepared?
→treated with formaldehyde to convert it into a toxoid
→Combined with aluminium salt adjuvant
What bacterium causes Whooping cough?
→Bordetella pertussis
What is the mechanism of Bordetella pertussis?
→adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract and multiplies
→In infants may descend to lungs
→Secretes pertussis toxin which is a virulence factor
Compare the old and new Whooping cough vaccine
→Old vaccine: Whole cell killed vaccine - reactogenic
→New=Pertussis toxoid
→Filamentous haemagglutinin (promotes adhesion to cells)
→Pertactin (promotes adhesion to cells)
→Blocks adhesion and neutralises toxin
What is antigenic shift?
→gene reassortment between antigenically different strains producing hybrid progeny
How many types of influenza virus?
→3 types, A,B and C
Describe the flu vaccine
→quadrivalent containing two sub-types of Influenza A and 2 of Influenza B
→Attenuated so that it can only replicate in the cold
How is the flu vaccine made?
→Grown either in embryonated hens’ eggs
or
→in cell culture and then inactivated
What does invasive pneumococcal mean??
→where the bacterium can be isolated from blood or from another location which is normally sterile
What type of vaccine is HPV?
→subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant capsid
→protein of 6,11,16,18 expressed in yeast which self-assemble into Virus Like Particles
Why does the HPV vaccine resemble virus even though it has no genetic material?
→self-assemble into Virus Like Particles
→Resembles virus so immunogenic – but no genetic material so not infectious
Which vaccines are given during pregnancy?
→tetanus in late pregnancy
→high titres of maternal IgG in neonate
→flu
How does neonatal tetanus work?
→Abs are endocytosed
→The endosome pH is lower so binds to receptor inside
→Once in foetus, the pH is high so Ab detach
What type of bacteria is TB?
→live attenuated vaccine
Describe Mantoux test
→Purified protein derivative
→injected intradermally and measured after 72h
→If you have TB, or had it in the past, memory T cells will be reactivated by tuberculin peptides presented by antigen presenting cells
→These secrete cytokines which recruit white blood cells producing a local inflammatory response giving a hard red bump on the skin
Why is the chicken pox vaccine not given?
→While chickenpox during childhood is unpleasant, the vast majority of children recover quickly and easily.
→In adults,chickenpox is more severeand therisk of complications increases with age
