- common variable immunodeficiency - primary immune deficiency disease characterized by low levels of protective antibodies and an increased risk of infections

- have memory properties - Mucosal associated invariant T cells

Overview of adaptive system Flashcards by BLACK H

What are the 4 ways to spot pathogens?

generic recognisable features eg.TLR – PAMPs

-presence is associated with damage eg. co-stimulation – CD28
Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMP

memory
self versus non-self

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What are effectors primarily?

lymphocytes

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What are two B cell deficiencies?

Congenital agammaglobulinaemia- not enough antibodies

- Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

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What is CVID?

common variable immunodeficiency
primary immune deficiency disease characterized by low levels of protective antibodies and an increased risk of infections

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How is CVID treated?

Rituximab, novel biologics

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What is congenital agammaglobulinaemia?

not enough antibodies produced

- X-linked

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What are three T-cell deficiency diseases?

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
DiGeorge syndrome -thymic failure
Acquired – HIV / Chemotherapy / Novel biologics

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Name some cells involved in innate response

neutrophils
monocytes
dendritic cells
basophils
eosinophils
macrophages
tissue cells
platelets
fibroblasts

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Name some adaptive cells

B cells
T cells
NK Cells

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Why are NK cells both innate and adaptive?

NK cells are lymphocytes but have no memory

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Which cells arrive within 12 hours of affection?

mast cells
phagocytes
dendritic cells
NK cells
complement

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What are bridging cells?

Congenital agammaglobulinaemia-

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What are MAIT cells?

have memory properties

- Mucosal associated invariant T cells

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How do virally infected cells present atigens?

-MHC I molecules

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What cells do virally infected cells activate?

cytotoxic Tcells

- release cytokines for killing

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Examples of bridging cells

memory NK cells
iNKT cells
Vdelta2 gamma delta T cells
MAIT

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Which cells are MAIT cells similar to?

-like alpha beta T cells but is preprogramed because of common targets

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How can lymphocytes be defined?

morphology
lineage
location
differentiation
function
type of receptor
by what they produce

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What are the two locations lymphocytes can be found?

Tissue-resident memory cells (TRM)

- Marginal zone B cells

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What are some functions used to define lymohcytes?

helper
cytotoxic
regulatory
antibody-producing

Describe Bcells

Defined by their antibody

- May class switch / undergo affinity maturation but always the same basic Ig

Describe Tcells

-Selection and expansion of that clone ± differentiation

-Retention in “memory” of clonal progeny
Has the same specificity

Where do Bcells mature after bone marrow?

-spleen

Where can Bcells migrate to after maturation?

spleen

- lymph nodes

Where can Tcells migrate to after maturation and selection?

- spleen | - mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue

What are the two types of receptors found on Bcells?

- surface immunoglobulin | - Bcell receptor

What do Tcell receptors detect?

- peptide sequence on MHC

What do all cells present?

- intracellular content | - Recognised by CD8 T cells through their TCR

What is MHC-peptide recognition important for?

- viruses

Which cells present to CD T cells?

- APCs

When are cells killed by NK cells?

- when viruses downregulate MHC

What are marginal zone B cells?

- located at the interface between the circulation and the white pulp of the spleen

What are the two key features of the adaptive immune system?

- specificity | - memory

How are B cells defined compared to T cells?

- by their antibody | - one cell, one Ig

How are T cells defined?

- one cell, one TCR | - has the same specificity

Summarise positive selection of Tcells

- must bind to MHC

Summarise negative selection of Tcells

-must not bind to self antigens

How are lymphocytes labelled?

-in vivo with deuterium-labelled glucose

What does slow turnover of Naive CD4+ cells indicate?

-very slow turnover in peripheral blood

Compare effector memory CD4 Tcells with central memory Tcells

Effector Memory CD4 T cells have faster turnover than Central Memory T cells

Describe Tcell effector memory cells

- short-lived population - continually replenished - doubling time about 15 days - Need to be able to expand and contract population pathogens are met

Describe Tcell central memory cells

- turnover at a significant rate | - Doubling time about 48 days

Describe Treg cells

- very dynamic | - Control the responses of other T cells

What happens when Treg cells are knocked out?

-autoimmunity

Summarise the life process of Bcells

- Positive selection - Receptor editing - Negative selection - Transition to IgM+ IgD+ mature B cell - Antigen recognition leads to proliferation/differentiation - Activated B cells transform into Plasma cells

What type of disease does splenectomy increase?

-pneumococcal infection

What do lymph nodes and veins have in common?

-valves

What is a key marker of tissue resident Tcells?

-CD69+