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lolmyi > Overview of adaptive system > Flashcards

Overview of adaptive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 ways to spot pathogens?

A
  • generic recognisable features eg.TLR – PAMPs

-presence is associated with damage eg. co-stimulation – CD28
Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMP

  • memory
  • self versus non-self
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2
Q

What are effectors primarily?

A
  • lymphocytes
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3
Q

What are two B cell deficiencies?

A
  • Congenital agammaglobulinaemia- not enough antibodies

- Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

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4
Q

What is CVID?

A
  • common variable immunodeficiency
  • primary immune deficiency disease characterized by low levels of protective antibodies and an increased risk of infections
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5
Q

How is CVID treated?

A
  • Rituximab, novel biologics
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6
Q

What is congenital agammaglobulinaemia?

A
  • not enough antibodies produced

- X-linked

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7
Q

What are three T-cell deficiency diseases?

A
  • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
  • DiGeorge syndrome -thymic failure
  • Acquired – HIV / Chemotherapy / Novel biologics
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8
Q

Name some cells involved in innate response

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • macrophages
  • tissue cells
  • platelets
  • fibroblasts
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9
Q

Name some adaptive cells

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK Cells
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10
Q

Why are NK cells both innate and adaptive?

A
  • NK cells are lymphocytes but have no memory
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11
Q

Which cells arrive within 12 hours of affection?

A
  • mast cells
  • phagocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • NK cells
  • complement
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12
Q

What are bridging cells?

A

Congenital agammaglobulinaemia-

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13
Q

What are MAIT cells?

A
  • have memory properties

- Mucosal associated invariant T cells

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14
Q

How do virally infected cells present atigens?

A

-MHC I molecules

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15
Q

What cells do virally infected cells activate?

A
  • cytotoxic Tcells

- release cytokines for killing

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16
Q

Examples of bridging cells

A
  • memory NK cells
  • iNKT cells
  • Vdelta2 gamma delta T cells
  • MAIT
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17
Q

Which cells are MAIT cells similar to?

A

-like alpha beta T cells but is preprogramed because of common targets

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18
Q

How can lymphocytes be defined?

A
  • morphology
  • lineage
  • location
  • differentiation
  • function
  • type of receptor
  • by what they produce
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19
Q

What are the two locations lymphocytes can be found?

A
  • Tissue-resident memory cells (TRM)

- Marginal zone B cells

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20
Q

What are some functions used to define lymohcytes?

A
  • helper
  • cytotoxic
  • regulatory
  • antibody-producing
21
Q

Describe Bcells

A
  • Defined by their antibody

- May class switch / undergo affinity maturation but always the same basic Ig

22
Q

Describe Tcells

A

-Selection and expansion of that clone ± differentiation

-Retention in “memory” of clonal progeny
Has the same specificity

23
Q

Where do Bcells mature after bone marrow?

A

-spleen

24
Q

Where can Bcells migrate to after maturation?

A
  • spleen

- lymph nodes

25
Q

Where can Tcells migrate to after maturation and selection?

A
  • spleen

- mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue

26
Q

What are the two types of receptors found on Bcells?

A
  • surface immunoglobulin

- Bcell receptor

27
Q

What do Tcell receptors detect?

A
  • peptide sequence on MHC
28
Q

What do all cells present?

A
  • intracellular content

- Recognised by CD8 T cells through their TCR

29
Q

What is MHC-peptide recognition important for?

A
  • viruses
30
Q

Which cells present to CD T cells?

A
  • APCs
31
Q

When are cells killed by NK cells?

A
  • when viruses downregulate MHC
32
Q

What are marginal zone B cells?

A
  • located at the interface between the circulation and the white pulp of the spleen
33
Q

What are the two key features of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • specificity

- memory

34
Q

How are B cells defined compared to T cells?

A
  • by their antibody

- one cell, one Ig

35
Q

How are T cells defined?

A
  • one cell, one TCR

- has the same specificity

36
Q

Summarise positive selection of Tcells

A
  • must bind to MHC
37
Q

Summarise negative selection of Tcells

A

-must not bind to self antigens

38
Q

How are lymphocytes labelled?

A

-in vivo with deuterium-labelled glucose​

39
Q

What does slow turnover of Naive CD4+ cells indicate?

A

-very slow turnover in peripheral blood

40
Q

Compare effector memory CD4 Tcells with central memory Tcells

A

Effector Memory CD4 T cells have faster turnover than Central Memory T cells​

41
Q

Describe Tcell effector memory cells

A
  • short-lived population ​
  • continually replenished​
  • doubling time about 15 days​
  • Need to be able to expand and contract population pathogens are met
42
Q

Describe Tcell central memory cells

A
  • turnover at a significant rate ​

- Doubling time about 48 days​

43
Q

Describe Treg cells

A
  • very dynamic

- Control the responses of other T cells​

44
Q

What happens when Treg cells are knocked out?

A

-autoimmunity

45
Q

Summarise the life process of Bcells

A
  • Positive selection​
  • Receptor editing​
  • Negative selection​
  • Transition to IgM+ IgD+ mature B cell​
  • Antigen recognition leads to proliferation/differentiation​
  • Activated B cells transform into Plasma cells​
46
Q

What type of disease does splenectomy increase?

A

-pneumococcal infection

47
Q

What do lymph nodes and veins have in common?

A

-valves

48
Q

What is a key marker of tissue resident Tcells?

A

-CD69+

lolmyi (31 decks)

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