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BISC 320 > Review of Chemical Principles in Mol Bio > Flashcards

Review of Chemical Principles in Mol Bio Flashcards

1
Q

What are biological molecules comprised of?

A

atoms

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2
Q

What do atoms contain?

A

subatomic particles

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3
Q

What is the structure of atoms?

A

neutrons and protons are at the atomic nucleus, with electrons surrounding the nucleus

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4
Q

What charge are protons?

A

positively charged

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5
Q

What charge are neutrons?

A

neutral

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6
Q

What charge are electrons?

A

negatively charged

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7
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons

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8
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

the number of protons + the number of neutrons

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9
Q

What determines the interactions with other atoms?

A

arrangement of electrons

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10
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

in separate “shells” surrounding the nucleus

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11
Q

How many electrons fill each shell?

A

the innermost shell contains up to 2 electrons, the second and third shells contain 8 electrons

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12
Q

What shell is most stable and chemically unreactive?

A

the outermost shell filled

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13
Q

What makes atoms more stable?

A

if an outer electron shell is unfilled, atoms can share electrons to complete their outer shells

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14
Q

What forms covalent bonds?

A

sharing of electrons forms covalent bonds

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15
Q

What is a single bond?

A

where one electron from each atom is shared

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16
Q

When do multiple bonds form?

A

when more than one electron is shared

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17
Q

T or F: covalent bonds are very stable

A

true

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18
Q

What do covalent bonds form?

A

strict geometrical configurations characteristic of the atoms involved

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19
Q

What shape is formed from a carbon with four single bonds?

A

they are equally spaced from one another in a tetrahedron, as in methane

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20
Q

T or F: atoms cannot rotate freely about a single bond

A

true

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21
Q

T or F: atoms can rotate freely about a double bond

A

false; rotation of atoms around the bond is restricted, so other bonds are in a single plane, as in ethene

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22
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

covalent bonds that form between amino acids to form polypeptides( chains of amino acids) and proteins

23
Q

What atoms are in peptide bonds?

A

three covalent bonds are shared between the O, C, and N atoms of the bond

24
Q

What are the bonds between C, O, C, and N in peptide bonds?

A

both have partial double bond character

25
Q

How do partial double bonds affect rotation in peptide bonds?

A

restricts rotation at the bond and is crucial for protein structure and function

26
Q

What is electronegative?

A

the atom with the greater share of the electron is partially negatively charged

27
Q

What is electropositive?

A

the atom with the lesser share

28
Q

What is a dipole?

A

separation of charge between electrons shared unequally within a covalent bond

29
Q

What are polar bonds?

A

covalent bonds with a dipole

30
Q

What are non-polar bonds?

A

covalent bonds that do not have any charge separation

31
Q

T or F: polar molecules interact favorably with water

A

true

32
Q

T or F: non-polar molecules interact favorably with water

A

false

33
Q

What is the polarity of water?

A

O has a partial negative charge and the H atoms are partially positive

34
Q

What are anions?

A

negative charged ions

35
Q

What are cations?

A

positive charged ions

36
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

charged ions interact very strongly with one another, such as sodium chloride

37
Q

T or F: charged chemical groups do not have ionic interactions

A

false

38
Q

What does ionized water become?

A

hydroxide and hydronium ions

39
Q

What is the concentration of pure water?

A

OH- and H3O is 10^-7 each M, 10^-14 in product

40
Q

What are acids?

A

molecules that release H+

41
Q

What are bases?

A

molecules that accept H+

42
Q

What affects biological reactions?

A

the concentration of H+

43
Q

What is the pH of lyzosomes?

A

~5

44
Q

What are non-covalent bonds?

A

mostly weaker than covalent bonds but have important roles in molecular structure and stabilization

45
Q

What allows molecules to be flexible for function?

A

weaker bonds can be formed and broken

46
Q

T or F: non-covalent reactions are fundamentally electrostatic interactions

A

true

47
Q

What are salt bridges

A

ionic interactions between charged atoms plus an H-bond

48
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

interactions between polar atoms with partial charges, mediated by one hydrogen atom

49
Q

What are van der Waals interactions?

A

weak attractions between atoms at a certain distance

50
Q

T or F: ionic bonds are very stable and strong in the absence of water

A

true

51
Q

What weakens ionic bonds?

A

polar water molecules which interact with the charges

52
Q

What are hydrophobic molecules?

A

non-polar molecules that do not interact favorably with water

53
Q

How do hydrophobic interactions drive molecular folding?

A
  1. hydrophobic regions associated with one another and exclude water
  2. hydrophilic regions tend to located on outer surfaces of molecules where the interact with water
54
Q

T or F: multiple weak bonds combine to produce stable yet potentially dynamic associations between macromolecules

A

true

BISC 320 (20 decks)

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