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BISC 320 > Overview of Genome Transmission and Expression > Flashcards

Overview of Genome Transmission and Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA known for?

A

information

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2
Q

What is RNA known for?

A

decoding

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3
Q

What is protein known for?

A

work

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4
Q

What genetic information do cells have?

A

DNA and RNA

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5
Q

What genetic information do viruses have?

A

RNA

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6
Q

At what length does replication occur?

A

the entire DNA sequence

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7
Q

At what length does transcription occur?

A

snippet of DNA sequence

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8
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A

unidirectional

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9
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

physically stores genetic information in a stable, heritable form

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10
Q

What four nucleotides make up DNA?

A

guanine, adenosine. thymidine, cytosine

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11
Q

What carries the information “code”?

A

the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA

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12
Q

What are the base pairs in a double helix?

A

A pairs with T and C pairs with G

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13
Q

What is the direction of each strand of DNA?

A

directional or asymmetric - the two strands are anti-parallel to each other

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14
Q

How is DNA replicated for transmission?

A
  1. original strands are separated
  2. new DNA strands are synthesized in an anti-parallel manner by DNA polymerase using the old strands as templates
  3. nucleotides are added in a complementary manner
  4. two identical double-stranded DNA molecules from one original molecule
  5. all cellular sequences in an organism comprise its genome
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15
Q

How is one single strand DNA a backup?

A

a single strand can act as a template for a double strand

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16
Q

What helps chromosomes to segregate accurately?

A

copied chromosomes are held together prior to separation

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17
Q

What is the transmission of the genome?

A
  1. replication: accurate copying of information
  2. segregation: correct separation of copies
  3. transfer of copies into new cells created by division of the original cell
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18
Q

What follows each step of cell division?

A

safety net and checkpoints

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19
Q

What must be expressed before genetic information is stored in the genome?

A

transcription

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20
Q

What is transcription?

A

copying of a segment of DNA into RNA

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21
Q

What happens after transcription?

A

RNA is either used directly by the cell or used as an information template to direct synthesis of a particular protein (translation)

22
Q

What is special about RNA?

A

can act as a storage molecule and synthesize proteins on its own (catalysis; w/o protein)

23
Q

How does RNA polymerase work?

A

uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA strand

24
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

25
Q

What initiates transcription?

A

specific DNA sequences instruct RNA polymerase where to start and to stop transcribing

26
Q

What is the primary transcript?

A

the RNA produced immediately after transcription, which is processed into the final RNA product

27
Q

What are the three types of RNAs?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
28
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

carries the sequence encoding a protein and acts as the template for translation

29
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

acts as an adapter that “reads” the mRNA and brings the encoded amino acids for protein synthesis

30
Q

How long are tRNAs?

A

80-100 nucleotides in length

31
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

together with ~100 proteins form ribosomes, which are protein synthesis factories where translation occurs

32
Q

How are nucleotides read?

A

3 nucleotides/ protein

33
Q

What is translated into proteins?

A

mRNA

34
Q

How do proteins have potential for variation in structure and function?

A

proteins are synthesized from 20 different amino acids

35
Q

What is function of proteins?

A

carry out most cellular function (e.g. structural and catalytic)

36
Q

What are the characteristics of proteins?

A
  1. can range from a few amino acids long (e.g. calmodulin) to many thousands (e.g. hemagglutinin)-typically between 100-1000 amino acids in lengths
  2. may contain distinct separate proteins that come together to form a functional unit (e.g. hemagglutinin)
37
Q

What translations the mRNA?

A

tRNA and rRNA

38
Q

What is translation?

A

turns the information from an mRNA into a protein

39
Q

What is a codon?

A

triplets of nucleotides in the mRNA that encode each amino acid

40
Q

What initiates and terminates translation?

A

distinct sequences in the mRNA

41
Q

What order does tRNA decode?

A

recognizes each codon in order from 5’ to 3’

42
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

translation is performed by the ribosome, which is composed of rRNAs and proteins

43
Q

What is the cellular structure of prokaryotes?

A

do not have internal membrane-bound compartments (e.g. the nucleus)

44
Q

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

A

in the nucleoid

45
Q

T or F: transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in prokaryotes

A

true

46
Q

What is cellular structure of eukaryotes?

A

contain several membrane-bound organelles (e.g. the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)

47
Q

Where is DNA located eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

48
Q

Where does replication and transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

49
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?

A

translation occurs in the cytoplasm within ribosomes so mRNA must be exported to cytoplasm for translation

50
Q

T or F: transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in eukaryotes?

A

false

BISC 320 (20 decks)

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