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Physiology 2 final > Review notebooks > Flashcards

Review notebooks Flashcards

1
Q

Diameter and conduction speed of fibers

A

Efferent Fibers

Alpha motor neuron -
100-200uM in diameter
70-120 m/s

Gamma-motor neuron
100-200uM
10-50 m/s

B fibers: myelinated preganglionic autonomic fibers

1-20 m/s

C fibers: unmyelinated postganglionic autonomic fibers
0.2-1.5uM in diamter

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2
Q

Normal efficiency of the heart

A

efficiency 20-25%

decreases to 5-10% in heart failure

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3
Q

Normal cardiac output and its increase during exercise

A

5 L/min
up to

35 L/min during maximal trained exercise
25 L/min max untrained

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4
Q

percentage of blood in systemic and pulmonary circulations

fraction of blood in veins vs arteries

A

85% systemic
9% pulmonary
7% in heart

approximately 4x as much blood in veins as arteries.
65% in systemic veins
13% in systemic capillaries

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5
Q

RBC diameter

Capillary diameter

Arteriole/Venule diamter

aorta and vena cava

A

RBC 6-8uM

Caps 7-10uM

art/venules 20uM

ateries 4mm
veins 5mm

aorta 25mm
vena cava 30mm

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6
Q

Reynolds number and the cutoff value it indicates

A

Estimates the tendency for turbulent flow

> 200 some turbulence at bends in the flow
2000 turbulence everywhere even in straight portions.Turbulence normally occurs in ao

Re= (velocity x diameter x density) / viscosity

Turbulence occurs in the aorta and pulmonary arteries and nowhere else.

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7
Q

conversion factor for mmHg to cm H20

A

1mmHg = 0.36 cm H20

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8
Q

Total Peripheral Resistance units and the normal range

Normal total pulmonary

What is the conductance, and what parameter of the vessel most strongly affects conductance?

A

Normal TPR = 1 PRU, 1 Peripheral Resistance Unit
Range from 0.2- PRUs

flow in ml/s = arterial venous pressure difference mmHg / TPR

normal Pulmonary resistance = 0.14 PRUs
approx 1/7th of systemic

conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
it is proportional to the diameter of the vessel raised to the 4th power.

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9
Q

Normal blood viscosity value

A

3

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10
Q

What is distensibility of a vessel

and what is the compliance

A

The increase in volume of the vessel per increase in mmHg of hydrostatic pressure.

distensibility = delta Vol / delta P x original Vol

Compliance = distensibility x volume
Compliance = delta Vol / delta Pressure
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11
Q

What is the normal central venous pressure

What are its lower and extreme upper limits

A

Normal = 0mmHg,

With serious heart failure or a very large blood transfusion 20-30 mmHg

lower limit is -3 to -5 mmHg, which is the pressure of the mediastinal cavity.
It approaches the lower limit when the heart is pumping very rapidly, or there is a hemorrhage

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12
Q

The venous pressures in a person standing completely still without any activity of the venous pumps/valves

changes with the pump activity

A

head/neck = 0
Cranial dural sinuses = -10mmHg

Shoulders 6 mmHg
Hands 36 mmHg
Feet 90 mmHg

With movement and venous pump activity,
feet pressure is reduced to 20 mmHg

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13
Q

Volume of the various venous blood reserves/plexuses

A

Spleen: 100ml
Liver 300-400ml
Abdominal plexus 300ml
skin plexus 300-400

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14
Q

capillary wall thickness

A

0.5uM

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15
Q

normal interstitial fluid pressure?

what causes it?

A

-3 mmHg in loose interstitial tissue

Lymphatic pumping of the fluid causes it.

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16
Q

What is the usual range of autoregulation, in actue and chronic phases

A

75-175 mmHg acute

50-200 mmHg long term, requires vessel growth/pruning/modification

17
Q

List of vasoconstrictors

A

NE, E
AngII
Vasopressin/ADH
Endothelin

18
Q

List of vasodilators

A 
Histamine
Bradykinin
Adenosine, most potent coronary dilator
AMP
CO2
K+
H+
Lactate

NO –> guanylyl cyclase –> cGMP –> MLCphosphatase

CO2, most potent dilator in brain.
Mg++ is a potent dilator, inhibiting smooth muscle contraction

19
Q

What specific types of vessels does the sympathetic NS cause constriction in?

what vessels does it NOT innervate?

A

Constricts:
Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules

Does NOT affect, metarterioles, precapillary sphincters, or capillaries.

20
Q

Set point of the carotid and aortic baroreceptors

A

Carotid baroreceptors 100 mmHg

Aortic baroreceptros 130 mmHg

21
Q

What kind of receptors are in the
Atria and Pulmonary artery

What reflex do the atrial receptors activate?

A

1) Low pressure baroreceptors,
Respond to elevated pressure in either of these low pressure systems

activate the baroreceptor response just like the carotid/aortic receptors in response to elevated atrial or pulmonary artery pressures.

2) The Atrial Stretch receptors activate the
BAINBRIDGE reflex, which activates the sympathetic activation of the heart, to increase heart rate and CO in order to prevent atrial damming/congestion of blood.

22
Q

What kind of receptors are in the Carotid body and Aortic arch?

A

High-pressure baroreceptors

and

Chemoreceptors that measure blood O2 and CO2 content.

23
Q

Describe how the inspiration/expiration affects venous return and CO

A

on inspiration, pulmonary vessel system has lower pressure and increased volume –> decreased venous return and decreased CO

expriation: pulmonary pressure increases and volume decreases, squeezes blood back to left ventricle –> increased venous return and increased CO

24
Q

normal ventilation frequency

normal alveolar ventilation rate

A

12 breaths/min

alveolar ventilation, 4.2L/min

25
Q

Normal total blood volume

Pulmonary blood volume

A

5L total blood volume

500ml Pulmonary blood ~9 or 10% of total, increased up to 700mL during exercise

26
Q

Mean arterial pressure

Mean pulmonary artery pressure

A

between 90-100 mmHg

pumonary mean artery pressure 14 mmHG

27
Q

Composition of the blood-air barrier and its thickness

A

1-2uM

type I pneumocyte
shared basement membrane w/ endothelial cell
endothelial cell of capillary

28
Q

What is the normal rate of CSF production?

What is the normal intracranial pressure?

What happens to the rate of CSF if intracranial pressure goes above or below this point?

A

CSF production is constant at 0.35ml/min

intracranial pressure is 8mmHg

below this point, absorption rate of CSF will decrease
above this point, absorption will increase

29
Q

What type of skin has the AV anastomoses and what kind does not?

A

Apical or Acral, hairless, sweatless, skin has the anastomoses, and is regulated solely by neural, autonomic regulation

Non-apical or non-Acral, Hairy skin does not.
Is regulated by metabolic demands and is autoregulated.
Non-Acral, hairy skin has Sweat glands.

30
Q

What are the essential amino acids? (use the saying)

A 
I Saw
Loose
Val,
His
Lice
Try'dTo
Meet
Three
Pharmacists

Physiology 2 final (8 decks)

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