List of important parameters from web Flashcards
Duration of Cardiac cycle for 75 bpm.
0.8 seconds
Duration of PQ interval
.12 seconds
Duration of QRS complex
0.08 - 0.1 second
Duration of QT interval
Should be LESS than 0.4s,
0.28s
Duration of Ventricular systole
0.28s
From the beginning of isovol. contraction to the beginning of isovol relatation.
Duration of Ventricular diastole
0.52s
Duration of P wave
less than 0.12s
Amplitude of QRS compex R wave peak
~1.5mV
Amplitude of the ST segment
Should be totally flat, at 0
Amplitude of the T wave peak
about 0.3 mV, slightly lopsided to the right.
Duration of Ventricular Contraction (not systole)
0.4s
From the beginning of isovolumetric contraction to the END of isovlumetric relataxtion.
Duration of ventricular ejection
0.22s
from the onset of rapid ejection to the onset of isovolumetric relaxation.
Duration of the isovlumetric contraction and relaxation
0.06s and 0.09s
Duration of ventricular filling
0.47s
Stroke volume
55%-60% of the total volume
70ml
from 115 to 45
Peak volume in normal left ventricle
115mL
Systolic and diastolic pressure in Aorta
120 mmHg
80 mmHG
Systolic and diastolic pressure in the Right Ventricle
25 mmHg - peak
15 mmHg -avg
0 mmHg
Systolic and Diastolic pressure in the Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary wedge pressure
Left ventricular systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulmonary arteries
25 mmHg - peak
15 mmHg - avg
8 mmHg diastolic
Wedge pressure ~ 5 mmHg, is about 2-3 mmHg higher than the Left atrial pressure
Left Ventricle
Systole 120 mmHg
Diastole 0-1 mmHg
Systolic and Diastolic pressure in the
essentially right atrial pressure 2 mmHG or close to 0
Total body water content
and body compartment contents
60% of body weight
42 L
This percentage decreases as body fat increases, which is why elderly, and women have lower body water fractions.
2/3 is intracellular - 28 L
1/3 is extracellular - 14 L
Extracellular fluid - 14L
75% is interstitial - 10.5 L
25% is blood plasma. - 3.5 L
Not accounted for in this division is the Transcellular fluid 5% of the Extracellular fluid. - 0.7L
The different compartments in which interstitial fluid is found
1) Intercellular fluid of stroma
2) Fluid in bone and dense connective tissue
3) Cerebrospinal fluid
The compartments of the transcellular fluid
The fluid that is within epithelial lined spaces:
Ocular fluid
Synovial fluid and Joint fluid
Pleural and pericardial fluids.
Calculate Plasma volume from blood volume and Hematocrit
Blood volume = Plasma volume / (1-HCT)
Normal Hematocrit values
Males 45%
40-52%
Females 40%
35-48%
Hemoglobin concentration
2.2-2.8 mM
130-180 g/L in men
120-160 g/L in women
Plasma: [Na+] [K+] [Ca+] [Cl-] [HCO3-] [protein] [H+] Osmolarity
Na - 145 mM
K - 5 mM
Ca - 1.0-1.3 mM free very tightly controlled
- 1.0-1.3 mM protein bound - 0.2 mM anion complexed. - total 2.2-2.8 mM
Cl - 95 mM
HCO3 - 22 mM
protein ~ 1mM 1.2 mM
pH 7.38-7.42
H+ 40nM
Osmolarity 290mOsm/L
Interstitial: Na K Ca Cl HCO3 Protein H+ Osmolarity
Due to the donnan effect of large, negatively charged, impermeable proteins in the blood, positively charged ions are sightly retained and negatively charged ions are slightly expelled, when comparing the blood to the interstitial fluid.
Also bicarbonate is 6mM higher due to the cells which are producing it.
Soluble protein is very low.
Na - 140 mM
K - 4mM
Ca - 1.1mM free 2.2-.28 mM total
Cl - 105 mM
HCO3 - 28mM
Protein - 0-0.2mM
pH slightly lower than in blood
290mOsm/L
Intracellular: Na K Ca Cl HCO3 Protein H+
Na - 10-15mM
K - 140mM
Ca - 100nM cytoplasm 1mM in sarcoplasm/ER
Cl - 20-30mM
HCO3 - 12-16mM
Protein 4 mM ~6.8g/dL
pH 7.2
290mOsm/L
Blood plasma osmolarity
Blood plasma oncotic pressure
1.4 mOsm/Kg
28 mmHg oncotic pressure
19 mmHg from the proteins, 9 mmHg from their associated ions
Resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells
Resting potential of smooth muscle cells
Resting potential of cardiac muscle cells
Resting potential of cardiac pacemaker cell
- 90mV
- 50 -60 mV
- 90mV
- 60mV
Resting membrane potential of neurons
-70mV
Conduction velocity of different nerve fiber types.
Chart
Equilibrium potentials of of Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl- in neurons
Na+ - +65 mV
K+ - -90 mV
Ca++ - +135 mV
Cl- - -60mV
Central venous pressure
Right atrial pressure ~2 mmHG
Blood flow to the kidney
20-25% of CO
1200 ml/min
600-700 ml plasma/min
Blood flow to the brain
15% of CO
750 ml/min
Blood flow to the heart
5% of CO
250 ml/min
elaborate
Blood flow to the skin
5%
250 ml/min
can be dropped by subcutaneous arteriovenous anastomoses.
Blood flow to skeletal muscles
20% of CO
1 L/min
20 L/min
elaborate
Cerebrospinal fluid volumes and production rates
150mL
about 30mL in the ventricles
about 120mL in the subarachnoid space
0.35 mL of CSF is produced each minute, with no feedback regulation
Total CSF is turned over more than 3X each day.
CSF composition
Na+ K+ Cl- Glucose Protein pH
CSF has lower K+, glucose, and protein
Higher Na+ and Cl-
Na - 148 mM K - 2.9 mM Cl - 120-130mM Glucose - 50-75 mg/dL Protein 15-45 mg/dL --> about 200 times Lower than in blood. pH - 7.3
normal blood glucose 4.4-6.1 mM
70-100 mg/dL
0.7 - 1.0 g/L
normal CSF glucose is about 60-70% of the blood glucose
50-75 mg/dL
0.5 - 0.75 g/L
Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries at Arterial and Venous ends
Arterial end 35 mmHg
Venous end 10 mmHg
Blood flow to the splanchnic area
aka hepatic plus portal vein flow
1.5 L/min
75% from portal veins 25% from hepatic artery
portal blood flow is not regulated, except by local factors to meet its demand.
The hepatic flow is modulated with respect to the amount of portal flow in order to keep rate constant at abou 1.5L/min, so if portal flow increases, hepatic flow is decreased and vice versa.
Hydrostatic pressure of capillaries at arterial end and venous end
Arterial end: 30 mmHg
Venous: 10 mmHg
Net filtration pressure of capillaris at arterial and venous end
13 mmHg net filtration pressure
7 mmHG net resorption pressure (-7mmHg filtration pressure)
Average Arteriovenous O2 Difference of the body
AVDO2 = 50mL/L blood
Average arterial O2 content = 200mL/L, 20% volumes % and about 98% saturated hemoglobin,
Average enous O2 content =150ml/L
~15% volumes % and about 75% hemoglobin saturated.
AVDO2 of the coronary circulation
120mL/L of blood both at rest of during exercise
very high, always operating at maximum extraction, so the only way to increase coronary O2 supply is to increase flow, which is done by local metabolic regulation.
Gives a total of about 30ml/minute of O2 consumption, out of the total 250ml/min of total body O2 consumption.
AVDO2 of the skin
~25ml/L
very low
AVDO2 of the kidneys
have a low baseline oxygen extraction to meet tissue metabolism, but a very high oxygen demand that changes directly in relation to the amount of Na+ reabsorbed.
0.5ml/min/100g of tissue baseline at 0 Na+ reabsorption.
at normal levels of Na+ resorption, 12mEq/min resorbed.
2 ml/min/100g
Which works out to about 6 ml/min
AVDO2 of the brain
50ml/L
mass of brain ~1.5 kg
AVDO2 of splanchnic area
30-40mL
AVDO2 of skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise
60 ml/L rest
160 ml/L during exercise with training
Blood flow to muscles can also increase by 15-20 times to those muscles being actively used due to 1) increased CO due to increased heart activity and sympathetic contraction of blood reserves 2) increased flow due to local metabolic regulation and dilation of the supplying arterioles. 3) increased opening of precapillary sphincters on the metarterioles and increased capillary recruitment.
Overall: can be a 20X increase in muscle flow, and a 2.5X increase in muscle oxygen extraction. Resulting in up to 50 times increased O2 delivery.
Males: Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Residual Volume Total Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
males
VC - 4.8
FRC - 2.4
RV - 1.2
TLC - 6
ERV = FRC-RV = 1.2 IRV = VC - ERV - Vt = 3.1
Women: Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Residual Volume Total Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
females
VC - 3.2
FRC - 1.8
RV - 1
TLC - 4.2
ERV = FRC - RV = 0.8 IRV = VC - ERV - Vt = 0.9
Tidal Volume
Dead Space
Alveolar Volume
Vt - 500 ml
Vd - 150 ml
VA - 350 ml
multiply by 12 breaths per minute for normal per minute values.
Alveolar ventilation
exhaled minute volume = Dead space ventilation + Alveolar ventilation
VoE = VoD + VoA
Intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration
Ppl changes from -5cmH20 to -8cmH20 during inspiration, then back during expiration
Alveolar pressure during inspiration and expiration
PAlv changes from 0 at FRC to -1 during inspiration, and then is back to 0 at the end of inspiration, when no air is moving.
Then during expiration, it moves temporarily to +1cmH20 and then back to 0 at the end of expiration.
PO2 and PCO2 of:
Alveolar gas
Arterial blood
Venous blood
Alveolar gas
PO2 = 100mmHg
PCO2 = 40mmHg
Arterial blood
PO2 = 95mmHg
PCO2 = 40mmHg
Venous blood
PO2 = 40mmHg
PCO2 = 46mmHg
Vapor pressure of H20 at body temperature (alveolar vapor pressure of H20)
47mmHg
Oxygen consumption at rest
during exercise with training
during exercise without training
VO2 = oxygen consumption/per min
=250ml/min
peak at 2.5-3.5 Liters/min untrained
4.5 L/min trained
Oxygen concentration in the arteries and veins
About 20 volumes percent in the arteries and 15 volumes percent in the veins.
arteries 200ml/L
veins 150ml/L
Renal blood flow
and
Renal Plasma flow
1200 - 1300ml/min
600-700ml/min plasma
Glomerular Filtration Rate
GFR
and Filtration Fraction
125ml/min total.
Filtration Fraction = FF
FF = GFR / Renal plasma flow
=0.2
Hydrostatic Pressure and colloid Osmotic pressure in Efferent capillaries and Afferent cappillaries of Glomerulus
Average oncotic pressure of glomerular cap
Pressures in the Bowman’s space
Afferent Capillary (incoming capillary Hydrostatic pressure = 60mmHg Oncotic pressure = 28 mmHg
Efferent Capillary (outgoing) Hydrostatic pressure = 20 mmHg Oncotic pressure = 36 mmHg
Average oncotic pressure of the glomerular capillary: 32mmHg
Bowman’s space:
Hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg
Oncotic pressure = 0mmHg (no protein)
Kf capillary filtration coefficient in systemic vs. glomerular capillaries
- 2ml/min/mmHg
- 01ml/min/mmHg
Glomerular capillaries have about a 400X higher Kf.
Net filtration pressure in the glomerulus
average,
and at afferent and efferent sides
Average = 10mmHg
Afferent side NFP = 60mmHg - 28mmHg - 18mmHg = 14mmHg
Efferent side NFP = 60mmHg - 36mmHg - 18mmHg = 6
Osmolarity of the proximal tubule, the cortex interstitium, and the distal tubule
Osmolarity of the medulla interstitium and apex of the loop of Henle
proximal tubule and cortex interstitium
300 mOsm/L
distal tubule (totally impermeable to water) 100 mOsm/L
1200 mOsm/L
Range of renal artery/arteriole autoregulation
80-170 mmHg
Volumes and concentrations of urine:
at maximum concentration
at maximum dilution
max concentrated urine : 0.5L/day at 1200mOsm/L
max diluted urine : 15-18L/day at 50mOsm/L
Osmotic concentration and Composition of the inner medullary interstitium, at maximal concentration (High ADH)
1200mOsm/L
Very high Na+ Cl- concentrations
also very high Urea concentration, urea contributes 40-50% of the osmolarity.
Transport maximum for Glucose resorption
375 mg/min
Arterial blood pH and PCO2
pH 7.4
and 40 mmHg PCO2
Buffer base
Base excess
Standard HCO3-
Actual HCO3-
Buffer base: 44-49mEq
^calculated at std HCO3-
Base excess: the amount of strong acid neccessary to titrate one liter of the blood pH to 7.4 at 40mmHg of PCO2. Is normally minus or plus 2.5 mEq. Minus indicates that there is a base deficit and plus indicating there is a base excess.
Standard HCO3- = 24mMol
[HCO3-] at normal PCO2, normal range is 22-26mMol,
Normal PCO2 range is 36-44 mmHg
Actual HCO3- 24mMol
Formula for calculating the pH, from the Standard bicarbonate, and the PaCO2
pH = 6.1 x log ( [HCO3-]std / (0.03 x PaCO2) )
Pressure values in different parts of the esophagus
Upper Esophageal Sphincter: 60mmHg tonic contraction, relaxes during swallowing reflex
Middle portion of esophagus tonically relaxed, initiates primary peristalsis on swallowing reflex and secondary peristalsis by continued presence of food
Lower Esophageal Sphincter: 30mmHg tonic contraciton, relaxes shortly after the swallowing reflex is initiated, well before food reaches it from the esophageal peristaltic waves called the “Receptive Relaxation”, and remains relaxed for about 10 seconds before contracting strongly (as the final portion of the peristaltic push) then returning to tonic 30mmHg contraction.
What is the Peak Acid output rate in males and females?
When does this occur?
25mmol/hour in males
16mmol/hour in females
(males are more likely to get ulcers due to higher acid production, they can produce more acid because…they have bigger stomachs!)
It occurs during the Gastric phase after a meal, approximately 1 hour after eating.
RBC (erythrocyte) count in males and females
RBC life span
Total white blood cell count (leukocyte)
WBC life span
Total daily hematopoeisis
Males:
4.5-5.5 million per microliter
HCT: 40-52%
Females
3.9-5.3 million per microliter
HCT 37-48%
lifespan 120 days almost exactly
WBCs
3,000-12,000 per microliter
lifespan 4-30 days
Daily hematopoeisis is
10^11 cells per day, 25% RBCs, 75% are WBCs
over 1 million per second
White blood cell type percentages
Neutrophils 65%
Lymphocytes 25-30%
Monocytes 4-8%
Eisinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0-1%
3,000-12,000 per microliter normal range.
same for both sexes
Thrombocyte count
Platelet count
250,000-300,000 per microliter
same for both seces
Basal Metabolic Rate
definition, values in men and women, and fraction of the TEE
Daily values and per hour values.
the minimum energy consumption in an awake, supine, relaxed, and totally inactive state while not digesting any food.
Men: 7,000 kJ/day
Women: 6,000 kJ/day
50-70% of the TEE
170 kJ/square meter of surface area/hour
BMR is linearly related to Surface area of an individual and NOT mass.
But sex, age, and body temperature also affect it, and men with equal surface area will still be a bit higher than women.
Respiratory Quotient
equals the
Diet Induced Thermogenesis
and Energy Expenditure
The other two factos of the TEE
TEE = MBR + DIE + EE
Diet induced thermogenesis = 8-15% of TEE
the energy expenditure of secretion, absroption, and motility of the gut.
Energy Expenditure: The energy of physical activity
very variable depending on lifestyle
usually 15-30% of TEE
Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Lung interstitial fluid hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Pulm. Capillary hydrostatic pressure = 7mm Hg
Pulm. Capillary oncotic pressure = 28 mmHg
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure = Negative -8mmHg
Interstitial oncotic pressure = 14 mmHg
Net filtration pressure = 1 mmHg
The pulmonary capillary system is more leaky to proteins in order to elevate the interstitial oncotic pressure and compensate for the lowered hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary circulation.
Respiratory quotient
RQ from fat, protein, and carb metabolism
Normal rates of CO2 production and O2 consumption
VCO2/VO2
the ratio of the amount of CO2 exhaled to the amount of O2 consumed by the lungs
fat = 0.7
protein =0.8
carbohydrate 1.0
normal respiratory quotient is about 0.8 under normal dietary conditions in a non-starved, not immeidately post-prandial, intermediate state.
Immediately following a meal the carbohydrates are most rapidly metabolized and RQ is about 1.0
In a starved stat >8-10 hours it is mostly adipose and is 0.7
CO2 production, 200ml/min
consumption 250ml/min
ratio = 0.8
Energy content of…
Fats
Carbs
Proteins
In kJ/g
Conversion factor of O2 consumption to kJ
Fats: 39 kJ/g
Carbs: 17 kJ/g
Proteins 17 kJ/g
1L of O2 consumed = 21 kJ energy generated/consumed
Frequency of ECG waves Gamma Beta Alpha Theta Delta
Their typical associations
Frequencies: in Hz Gamma: >30Hz Beta: 14-30 Alpha: 8-13 Theta: 4-7 Delta: 0.5-4
Amplitudes:
Beta:
Refractive power of cornea and lens
Cornea - 40-44 Diopters
Lens - 17-21 Diopters
White blood cell subtype functions
Neutrophils:
General phagocytes, NADPH-oxidase peroxisomal degradation
Eiosinophils:
Anti-parasitic. The Eisinophilic compound in them is Major Basic Protein, which is toxic to parasite.
Secrete ROS granules
Are also recruited to Allergic reaction sites
Basophils: Similar to Mast cells, express and release lots of cytokines and vasodilators on activation
Activated in immune resopnse
Express membrane-bound IgE’s and when they bind lots of targets these will rip open the Basophils causing degranulation
Dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells
Mononuclear cells: phagocytes antigen presenting cells
Lmphyocytes: include T-cells, B-cells, and NK-cells.
