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Physiology 2 final > List of important parameters from web > Flashcards

List of important parameters from web Flashcards

1
Q

Duration of Cardiac cycle for 75 bpm.

A

0.8 seconds

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2
Q

Duration of PQ interval

A

.12 seconds

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3
Q

Duration of QRS complex

A

0.08 - 0.1 second

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4
Q

Duration of QT interval

A

Should be LESS than 0.4s,

0.28s

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5
Q

Duration of Ventricular systole

A

0.28s

From the beginning of isovol. contraction to the beginning of isovol relatation.

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6
Q

Duration of Ventricular diastole

A

0.52s

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7
Q

Duration of P wave

A

less than 0.12s

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8
Q

Amplitude of QRS compex R wave peak

A

~1.5mV

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9
Q

Amplitude of the ST segment

A

Should be totally flat, at 0

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10
Q

Amplitude of the T wave peak

A

about 0.3 mV, slightly lopsided to the right.

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11
Q

Duration of Ventricular Contraction (not systole)

A

0.4s

From the beginning of isovolumetric contraction to the END of isovlumetric relataxtion.

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12
Q

Duration of ventricular ejection

A

0.22s

from the onset of rapid ejection to the onset of isovolumetric relaxation.

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13
Q

Duration of the isovlumetric contraction and relaxation

A

0.06s and 0.09s

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14
Q

Duration of ventricular filling

A

0.47s

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15
Q

Stroke volume

A

55%-60% of the total volume

70ml

from 115 to 45

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16
Q

Peak volume in normal left ventricle

A

115mL

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17
Q

Systolic and diastolic pressure in Aorta

A

120 mmHg

80 mmHG

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18
Q

Systolic and diastolic pressure in the Right Ventricle

A

25 mmHg - peak
15 mmHg -avg

0 mmHg

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19
Q

Systolic and Diastolic pressure in the Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary wedge pressure

Left ventricular systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Pulmonary arteries
25 mmHg - peak
15 mmHg - avg

8 mmHg diastolic

Wedge pressure ~ 5 mmHg, is about 2-3 mmHg higher than the Left atrial pressure

Left Ventricle
Systole 120 mmHg
Diastole 0-1 mmHg

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20
Q

Systolic and Diastolic pressure in the

A

essentially right atrial pressure 2 mmHG or close to 0

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21
Q

Total body water content

and body compartment contents

A

60% of body weight
42 L
This percentage decreases as body fat increases, which is why elderly, and women have lower body water fractions.

2/3 is intracellular - 28 L
1/3 is extracellular - 14 L

Extracellular fluid - 14L
75% is interstitial - 10.5 L
25% is blood plasma. - 3.5 L

Not accounted for in this division is the Transcellular fluid 5% of the Extracellular fluid. - 0.7L

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22
Q

The different compartments in which interstitial fluid is found

A

1) Intercellular fluid of stroma
2) Fluid in bone and dense connective tissue
3) Cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

The compartments of the transcellular fluid

A

The fluid that is within epithelial lined spaces:

Ocular fluid
Synovial fluid and Joint fluid
Pleural and pericardial fluids.

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24
Q

Calculate Plasma volume from blood volume and Hematocrit

A

Blood volume = Plasma volume / (1-HCT)

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25
Q

Normal Hematocrit values

A

Males 45%
40-52%

Females 40%
35-48%

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26
Q

Hemoglobin concentration

A

2.2-2.8 mM

130-180 g/L in men
120-160 g/L in women

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27
Q 
Plasma:
[Na+]
[K+]
[Ca+]
[Cl-]
[HCO3-]
[protein]
[H+]
Osmolarity
A

Na - 145 mM
K - 5 mM

Ca - 1.0-1.3 mM free very tightly controlled

  - 1.0-1.3 mM protein bound
  - 0.2 mM anion complexed. 
  - total 2.2-2.8 mM

Cl - 95 mM

HCO3 - 22 mM

protein ~ 1mM 1.2 mM

pH 7.38-7.42

H+ 40nM

Osmolarity 290mOsm/L

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28
Q 
Interstitial:
Na
K
Ca
Cl
HCO3
Protein
H+
Osmolarity
A

Due to the donnan effect of large, negatively charged, impermeable proteins in the blood, positively charged ions are sightly retained and negatively charged ions are slightly expelled, when comparing the blood to the interstitial fluid.
Also bicarbonate is 6mM higher due to the cells which are producing it.
Soluble protein is very low.

Na - 140 mM

K - 4mM

Ca - 1.1mM free 2.2-.28 mM total

Cl - 105 mM

HCO3 - 28mM

Protein - 0-0.2mM

pH slightly lower than in blood

290mOsm/L

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29
Q 
Intracellular:
Na
K
Ca
Cl
HCO3
Protein
H+
A

Na - 10-15mM

K - 140mM

Ca - 100nM cytoplasm 1mM in sarcoplasm/ER

Cl - 20-30mM

HCO3 - 12-16mM

Protein 4 mM ~6.8g/dL

pH 7.2

290mOsm/L

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30
Q

Blood plasma osmolarity

Blood plasma oncotic pressure

A

1.4 mOsm/Kg

28 mmHg oncotic pressure
19 mmHg from the proteins, 9 mmHg from their associated ions

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31
Q

Resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells

Resting potential of smooth muscle cells

Resting potential of cardiac muscle cells

Resting potential of cardiac pacemaker cell

A
  • 90mV
  • 50 -60 mV
  • 90mV
  • 60mV
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32
Q

Resting membrane potential of neurons

A

-70mV

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33
Q

Conduction velocity of different nerve fiber types.

A

Chart

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34
Q

Equilibrium potentials of of Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl- in neurons

A

Na+ - +65 mV
K+ - -90 mV
Ca++ - +135 mV
Cl- - -60mV

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35
Q

Central venous pressure

A

Right atrial pressure ~2 mmHG

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36
Q

Blood flow to the kidney

A

20-25% of CO
1200 ml/min
600-700 ml plasma/min

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37
Q

Blood flow to the brain

A

15% of CO

750 ml/min

38
Q

Blood flow to the heart

A

5% of CO
250 ml/min

elaborate

39
Q

Blood flow to the skin

A

5%
250 ml/min

can be dropped by subcutaneous arteriovenous anastomoses.

40
Q

Blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

20% of CO
1 L/min
20 L/min

elaborate

41
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid volumes and production rates

A

150mL
about 30mL in the ventricles
about 120mL in the subarachnoid space

0.35 mL of CSF is produced each minute, with no feedback regulation

Total CSF is turned over more than 3X each day.

42
Q

CSF composition

Na+
K+
Cl-
Glucose
Protein
pH
A

CSF has lower K+, glucose, and protein
Higher Na+ and Cl-

Na  - 148 mM
K    -  2.9 mM
Cl   -  120-130mM
Glucose  -  50-75 mg/dL
Protein 15-45 mg/dL  --> about 200 times Lower than in blood. 
pH  -  7.3

normal blood glucose 4.4-6.1 mM
70-100 mg/dL
0.7 - 1.0 g/L

normal CSF glucose is about 60-70% of the blood glucose
50-75 mg/dL
0.5 - 0.75 g/L

43
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries at Arterial and Venous ends

A

Arterial end 35 mmHg

Venous end 10 mmHg

44
Q

Blood flow to the splanchnic area

A

aka hepatic plus portal vein flow
1.5 L/min
75% from portal veins 25% from hepatic artery

portal blood flow is not regulated, except by local factors to meet its demand.

The hepatic flow is modulated with respect to the amount of portal flow in order to keep rate constant at abou 1.5L/min, so if portal flow increases, hepatic flow is decreased and vice versa.

45
Q

Hydrostatic pressure of capillaries at arterial end and venous end

A

Arterial end: 30 mmHg

Venous: 10 mmHg

46
Q

Net filtration pressure of capillaris at arterial and venous end

A

13 mmHg net filtration pressure

7 mmHG net resorption pressure (-7mmHg filtration pressure)

47
Q

Average Arteriovenous O2 Difference of the body

A

AVDO2 = 50mL/L blood

Average arterial O2 content = 200mL/L, 20% volumes % and about 98% saturated hemoglobin,
Average enous O2 content =150ml/L
~15% volumes % and about 75% hemoglobin saturated.

48
Q

AVDO2 of the coronary circulation

A

120mL/L of blood both at rest of during exercise
very high, always operating at maximum extraction, so the only way to increase coronary O2 supply is to increase flow, which is done by local metabolic regulation.

Gives a total of about 30ml/minute of O2 consumption, out of the total 250ml/min of total body O2 consumption.

49
Q

AVDO2 of the skin

A

~25ml/L

very low

50
Q

AVDO2 of the kidneys

A

have a low baseline oxygen extraction to meet tissue metabolism, but a very high oxygen demand that changes directly in relation to the amount of Na+ reabsorbed.

0.5ml/min/100g of tissue baseline at 0 Na+ reabsorption.

at normal levels of Na+ resorption, 12mEq/min resorbed.
2 ml/min/100g

Which works out to about 6 ml/min

51
Q

AVDO2 of the brain

A

50ml/L

mass of brain ~1.5 kg

52
Q

AVDO2 of splanchnic area

A

30-40mL

53
Q

AVDO2 of skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise

A

60 ml/L rest
160 ml/L during exercise with training

Blood flow to muscles can also increase by 15-20 times to those muscles being actively used due to 1) increased CO due to increased heart activity and sympathetic contraction of blood reserves 2) increased flow due to local metabolic regulation and dilation of the supplying arterioles. 3) increased opening of precapillary sphincters on the metarterioles and increased capillary recruitment.

Overall: can be a 20X increase in muscle flow, and a 2.5X increase in muscle oxygen extraction. Resulting in up to 50 times increased O2 delivery.

54
Q 
Males: 
Vital Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity

Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

males

VC - 4.8
FRC - 2.4
RV - 1.2
TLC - 6

ERV  = FRC-RV = 1.2
IRV  = VC - ERV - Vt = 3.1
55
Q 
Women:
Vital Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity

Tidal Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

females

VC - 3.2
FRC - 1.8
RV - 1
TLC - 4.2

ERV  = FRC - RV = 0.8
IRV   = VC - ERV - Vt = 0.9
56
Q

Tidal Volume
Dead Space
Alveolar Volume

A

Vt - 500 ml
Vd - 150 ml
VA - 350 ml

multiply by 12 breaths per minute for normal per minute values.

57
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

exhaled minute volume = Dead space ventilation + Alveolar ventilation

VoE = VoD + VoA

58
Q

Intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration

A

Ppl changes from -5cmH20 to -8cmH20 during inspiration, then back during expiration

59
Q

Alveolar pressure during inspiration and expiration

A

PAlv changes from 0 at FRC to -1 during inspiration, and then is back to 0 at the end of inspiration, when no air is moving.
Then during expiration, it moves temporarily to +1cmH20 and then back to 0 at the end of expiration.

60
Q

PO2 and PCO2 of:

Alveolar gas

Arterial blood

Venous blood

A

Alveolar gas
PO2 = 100mmHg
PCO2 = 40mmHg

Arterial blood
PO2 = 95mmHg
PCO2 = 40mmHg

Venous blood
PO2 = 40mmHg
PCO2 = 46mmHg

61
Q

Vapor pressure of H20 at body temperature (alveolar vapor pressure of H20)

A

47mmHg

62
Q

Oxygen consumption at rest
during exercise with training
during exercise without training

A

VO2 = oxygen consumption/per min
=250ml/min

peak at 2.5-3.5 Liters/min untrained
4.5 L/min trained

63
Q

Oxygen concentration in the arteries and veins

A

About 20 volumes percent in the arteries and 15 volumes percent in the veins.
arteries 200ml/L
veins 150ml/L

64
Q

Renal blood flow
and
Renal Plasma flow

A

1200 - 1300ml/min

600-700ml/min plasma

65
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate
GFR

and Filtration Fraction

A

125ml/min total.

Filtration Fraction = FF

FF = GFR / Renal plasma flow

=0.2

66
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure and colloid Osmotic pressure in Efferent capillaries and Afferent cappillaries of Glomerulus

Average oncotic pressure of glomerular cap

Pressures in the Bowman’s space

A 
Afferent Capillary (incoming capillary
Hydrostatic pressure = 60mmHg
Oncotic pressure = 28 mmHg
Efferent Capillary (outgoing)
Hydrostatic pressure = 20 mmHg
Oncotic pressure = 36 mmHg

Average oncotic pressure of the glomerular capillary: 32mmHg

Bowman’s space:
Hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg
Oncotic pressure = 0mmHg (no protein)

67
Q

Kf capillary filtration coefficient in systemic vs. glomerular capillaries

A
  1. 2ml/min/mmHg
  2. 01ml/min/mmHg

Glomerular capillaries have about a 400X higher Kf.

68
Q

Net filtration pressure in the glomerulus
average,
and at afferent and efferent sides

A

Average = 10mmHg

Afferent side NFP = 60mmHg - 28mmHg - 18mmHg = 14mmHg

Efferent side NFP = 60mmHg - 36mmHg - 18mmHg = 6

69
Q

Osmolarity of the proximal tubule, the cortex interstitium, and the distal tubule

Osmolarity of the medulla interstitium and apex of the loop of Henle

A

proximal tubule and cortex interstitium
300 mOsm/L

distal tubule (totally impermeable to water)
100 mOsm/L

1200 mOsm/L

70
Q

Range of renal artery/arteriole autoregulation

A

80-170 mmHg

71
Q

Volumes and concentrations of urine:

at maximum concentration

at maximum dilution

A

max concentrated urine : 0.5L/day at 1200mOsm/L

max diluted urine : 15-18L/day at 50mOsm/L

72
Q

Osmotic concentration and Composition of the inner medullary interstitium, at maximal concentration (High ADH)

A

1200mOsm/L

Very high Na+ Cl- concentrations
also very high Urea concentration, urea contributes 40-50% of the osmolarity.

73
Q

Transport maximum for Glucose resorption

A

375 mg/min

74
Q

Arterial blood pH and PCO2

A

pH 7.4

and 40 mmHg PCO2

75
Q

Buffer base
Base excess
Standard HCO3-
Actual HCO3-

A

Buffer base: 44-49mEq
^calculated at std HCO3-

Base excess: the amount of strong acid neccessary to titrate one liter of the blood pH to 7.4 at 40mmHg of PCO2. Is normally minus or plus 2.5 mEq. Minus indicates that there is a base deficit and plus indicating there is a base excess.

Standard HCO3- = 24mMol
[HCO3-] at normal PCO2, normal range is 22-26mMol,
Normal PCO2 range is 36-44 mmHg

Actual HCO3- 24mMol

76
Q

Formula for calculating the pH, from the Standard bicarbonate, and the PaCO2

A

pH = 6.1 x log ( [HCO3-]std / (0.03 x PaCO2) )

77
Q

Pressure values in different parts of the esophagus

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter: 60mmHg tonic contraction, relaxes during swallowing reflex

Middle portion of esophagus tonically relaxed, initiates primary peristalsis on swallowing reflex and secondary peristalsis by continued presence of food

Lower Esophageal Sphincter: 30mmHg tonic contraciton, relaxes shortly after the swallowing reflex is initiated, well before food reaches it from the esophageal peristaltic waves called the “Receptive Relaxation”, and remains relaxed for about 10 seconds before contracting strongly (as the final portion of the peristaltic push) then returning to tonic 30mmHg contraction.

78
Q

What is the Peak Acid output rate in males and females?

When does this occur?

A

25mmol/hour in males
16mmol/hour in females

(males are more likely to get ulcers due to higher acid production, they can produce more acid because…they have bigger stomachs!)

It occurs during the Gastric phase after a meal, approximately 1 hour after eating.

79
Q

RBC (erythrocyte) count in males and females

RBC life span

Total white blood cell count (leukocyte)

WBC life span

Total daily hematopoeisis

A

Males:
4.5-5.5 million per microliter
HCT: 40-52%

Females
3.9-5.3 million per microliter
HCT 37-48%

lifespan 120 days almost exactly

WBCs
3,000-12,000 per microliter

lifespan 4-30 days

Daily hematopoeisis is
10^11 cells per day, 25% RBCs, 75% are WBCs
over 1 million per second

80
Q

White blood cell type percentages

A

Neutrophils 65%

Lymphocytes 25-30%

Monocytes 4-8%

Eisinophils 2-4%

Basophils 0-1%

3,000-12,000 per microliter normal range.
same for both sexes

81
Q

Thrombocyte count

A

Platelet count
250,000-300,000 per microliter
same for both seces

82
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate
definition, values in men and women, and fraction of the TEE
Daily values and per hour values.

A

the minimum energy consumption in an awake, supine, relaxed, and totally inactive state while not digesting any food.

Men: 7,000 kJ/day
Women: 6,000 kJ/day

50-70% of the TEE

170 kJ/square meter of surface area/hour

BMR is linearly related to Surface area of an individual and NOT mass.

But sex, age, and body temperature also affect it, and men with equal surface area will still be a bit higher than women.

83
Q

Respiratory Quotient

A

equals the

84
Q

Diet Induced Thermogenesis

and Energy Expenditure

A

The other two factos of the TEE

TEE = MBR + DIE + EE

Diet induced thermogenesis = 8-15% of TEE
the energy expenditure of secretion, absroption, and motility of the gut.

Energy Expenditure: The energy of physical activity
very variable depending on lifestyle
usually 15-30% of TEE

85
Q

Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures

Lung interstitial fluid hydrostatic and oncotic pressures

A

Pulm. Capillary hydrostatic pressure = 7mm Hg
Pulm. Capillary oncotic pressure = 28 mmHg

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure = Negative -8mmHg
Interstitial oncotic pressure = 14 mmHg

Net filtration pressure = 1 mmHg

The pulmonary capillary system is more leaky to proteins in order to elevate the interstitial oncotic pressure and compensate for the lowered hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary circulation.

86
Q

Respiratory quotient
RQ from fat, protein, and carb metabolism

Normal rates of CO2 production and O2 consumption

A

VCO2/VO2
the ratio of the amount of CO2 exhaled to the amount of O2 consumed by the lungs

fat = 0.7
protein =0.8
carbohydrate 1.0

normal respiratory quotient is about 0.8 under normal dietary conditions in a non-starved, not immeidately post-prandial, intermediate state.

Immediately following a meal the carbohydrates are most rapidly metabolized and RQ is about 1.0

In a starved stat >8-10 hours it is mostly adipose and is 0.7

CO2 production, 200ml/min
consumption 250ml/min
ratio = 0.8

87
Q

Energy content of…

Fats
Carbs
Proteins

In kJ/g

Conversion factor of O2 consumption to kJ

A

Fats: 39 kJ/g
Carbs: 17 kJ/g
Proteins 17 kJ/g

1L of O2 consumed = 21 kJ energy generated/consumed

88
Q 
Frequency of ECG waves
Gamma
Beta
Alpha
Theta 
Delta

Their typical associations

A 
Frequencies: in Hz
Gamma: >30Hz 
Beta: 14-30 
Alpha: 8-13
Theta: 4-7
Delta: 0.5-4

Amplitudes:
Beta:

89
Q

Refractive power of cornea and lens

A

Cornea - 40-44 Diopters

Lens - 17-21 Diopters

90
Q

White blood cell subtype functions

A

Neutrophils:
General phagocytes, NADPH-oxidase peroxisomal degradation

Eiosinophils:
Anti-parasitic. The Eisinophilic compound in them is Major Basic Protein, which is toxic to parasite.
Secrete ROS granules
Are also recruited to Allergic reaction sites

Basophils: Similar to Mast cells, express and release lots of cytokines and vasodilators on activation
Activated in immune resopnse
Express membrane-bound IgE’s and when they bind lots of targets these will rip open the Basophils causing degranulation

Dendritic cells, antigen presenting cells

Mononuclear cells: phagocytes antigen presenting cells

Lmphyocytes: include T-cells, B-cells, and NK-cells.

Physiology 2 final (8 decks)

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