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How excited are you to be done with Path? > Review Last 3 Lectures > Flashcards

Review Last 3 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of neurosyphilis besides ASX

A

meningovascular, paretic, tabes dorsalis

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2
Q

MC presentation of Neurosyphilis

A

stroke of the middle cerebral artery in a young person (Meningovascular)

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3
Q

well circumscribed meningeal granulomas

A

Gummas (neurosyphilis)

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4
Q

febrile Rxn several hours following Tx of early syphilis

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer Rxn

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5
Q

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) generally caused by

A

Papovirus family, usually JC virus

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6
Q

disease with death in 3 years

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

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7
Q

disease w/ elevation in Rubeola IgG Ab.

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

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8
Q

white matter hemorrhage and gliosis

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

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9
Q

eosinophilic inclusion bodies are seen in cytoplasm of glial cells

A

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

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10
Q

flaccid paralysis from destruction of motor neurons in anterior horn and brainstem

A

poliomyelitis

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11
Q

inclusion bodies in neurons, negri bodies

A

rabies (100% diagnostic)

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12
Q

fatty infiltration of the liver and swelling of the kidneys and brain

A

Reye’s syndrome

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13
Q

associated with use of aspirin for flu or chicken pox

A

Reye’s syndrome

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14
Q

Two main examples of Spongiform Encephalopathy (prion Dz)

A

Kuru and Creutzffeldt-Jakob Dz. Each causes rapidly progressive dementia and death within one year.

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15
Q

swollen gyri and narrowed sulci

A

cerebral ischemia

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16
Q

12-24 hours after a Cerebral Infarction (stroke)

A

neurons become vacuolated and eosinophilia of the neuronal cytoplasm occurs (red neurons)

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17
Q

> 24 hours after a Cerebral Infarction (stroke)

A

infiltration by neutrophils begins at edges of lesion

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18
Q

1-14 days after a Cerebral Infarction (stroke)

A

area of infarction is characterized by macrophages and gliosis

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19
Q

most common cause of thrombotic occlusion

A

atherosclerosis

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20
Q

most common area of atherosclerosis in thrombotic occlusion

A

carotid bifurcation or in the vertebrobasilar system…middle cerebral artery is most common

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21
Q

primary underlying cause of Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

HTN…high mortality

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22
Q

cerebellar and brainstem stroke results from pathology in

A

vertebral or basilar arteries

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23
Q

MC clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

rupture of Berry Aneurysm

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24
Q

MC type of clinically significant vascular malformation

A

Arteriovenous Malformations

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25
Q

tangled, wormlike vascular channels with prominent, pulsatile shunt

A

arteriovenous malformations

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26
Q

petechiae and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles in gray and white matter

A

hypertensive encephalopathy

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27
Q

no structural brain damage occurs in

A

concussion…sx are caused by biochemical changes in neurons (however Dr. Miller is out of date on this FYI…there’s an entire new disease that has been discovered and is caused by concussions aka Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy or CTE)

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28
Q

sign of brain injury more serious than a concusion

A

aniscoria

29
Q

MC skull fracture

A

Linear

30
Q

Artery especially vulnerable in Traumatic Vascular Injury

A

middle meningeal artery

31
Q

bleed on venous side, dura still attached to skull

A

subdural hematoma

32
Q

middle meningeal artery ruptured, dura peeled off

A

epidural hematoma

33
Q

MC type of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

34
Q

2nd MC type of dementia

A

vascular

35
Q

MC onset of Alzheimer’s

A

late-onset, >65 yo

36
Q

amyloid plaque is characteristic

A

Alzheimer’s…It is a protein normally associated with tissue degeneration. Normally they are broken down, here they build up.

37
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

Alzheimer’s…Insoluble, twisted fibers of Tau protein found within neurons. Tae normally forms microtubules

38
Q

knifelike in appearance

A

Pick’s disease

39
Q

cerebral atrophy is lobar and hits frontal and temporal lobes

A

Pick’s disease

40
Q

substantia nigra with fewer neurons and less pigment

A

Parkinson’s disease

41
Q

characteristic lesions in cytoplasm of neurons known as ___ occur in

A

Lewy body dementia…differential for Alzheimer’s

42
Q

MC demyelinating disease

A

MS…women 2x more than men

43
Q

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy due to infection by

A

JC virus

44
Q

dense infiltrates of foamy macrophages with large oligodendrocytes and enlarged astrocytes

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

45
Q

due to overly rapid correction of hyponatremia

A

central pontine myelinolysis

46
Q

myelin is destroyed but neurons and axons are spared, opposite of infarction

A

central pontine myelinolysis

47
Q

no obvious accompanying inflammation

A

Central Pontine Myelinolysis (unline MS or PML)

48
Q

MC brain tumors in kids

A

astrocytic tumors like glioblastomas followed by medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and craniopharyngiomas

49
Q

MC brain tumor in adults

A

metastatic followed by astrocytic and meningiomas

50
Q

How often do brain tumors METS outsides of the CNS

A

rarely

51
Q

4 major classes of primary brain tumors

A

meningioma (benign), glioma (malignant), neuronal, poorly diff. neoplasms

52
Q

Meningiomas are MC found on

A

external surface of brain

53
Q

malignant tumors of glial cells

A

gliomas

54
Q

30-40% of primary intracranial tumors

A

gliomas

55
Q

MC type of glioma

A

astrocytomas

56
Q

Most malignant astrocytoma grade

A

Grade 3–Glioblastoma multiforme

57
Q

2 tumors that together make up 80% of primary brain tumors

A

fibrillary astrocytoma and glioblastoma

58
Q

MC brain tumor in middle aged adults

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

59
Q

MC sites of Glioblastoma Multiforme

A

frontal and temporal lobes but could be any age/location

60
Q

bifrontal butterfly S-shaped lesion seen on CT. Butterfly lesion infiltrates across the corpus callosum

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

61
Q

most often arise adjacent to ventricular system

A

ependymomas

62
Q

if an ependymoma is found in posterior fossa near 4th ventricle

A

hydrocephalus is common

63
Q

prognosis of ependymoma

A

slow growing but prognosis is poor

64
Q

a neuronal tumor is called a ganglioma if

A

all tumor cells arise directly from ganglion cells

65
Q

MC neuronal tumor

A

mixture of ganglion cells and glial cells, a ganglioglioma

66
Q

poorly differentiated, appears embryonal (tumor)

A

medulloblastoma

67
Q

20% of all brain tumors in kids

A

medulloblastoma

68
Q

tumor that arises exclusively in cerebellum

A

medulloblastoma

69
Q

tumor that is highly malignant, spreads to spinal cord, and responds well to Tx

A

medulloblastoma

How excited are you to be done with Path? (3 decks)

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