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CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY > REVIEW HANDBOOK IN DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOLOGY > Flashcards

REVIEW HANDBOOK IN DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

the study of organisms that individually are too small to be seen by the naked eye

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

suggested that a disease was caused by “invisible living creatures”

A 
Roman philosopher Lucretius (98-55 BC)
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
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3
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

made the earliest microscopic observations on bees and weevils using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo

A

Francesco Stelluti (1625 and 1630)

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4
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

first true microbiologist

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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5
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately (Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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6
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

discovered animalcules

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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7
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

theory stating that life arose from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous Generation

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8
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation

A

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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9
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

demonstrated that maggots do not rise spontaneously from decaying meat in 1668

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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10
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

his findings were a serious blow to the long-held belief that large forms of life could arise from nonlife

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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11
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

observed that boiled mutton broth eventually cloudy with microorganisms after pouring it into a flask and sealed tightly

A

John Needham (1748)

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12
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force: that could give rise to life

A

John Needham (1748)

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13
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth placed in a sealed jar

A

Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)

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14
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

observed that no growth took place as long as the flasks with broth remained sealed

A

Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)

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15
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

proposed that air carried microorganisms to culture medium and that might be the reason for the growth of organisms present already in the medium

A

Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)

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16
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

A

Lazarro Spallazani (1729-1799)

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17
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

showed the importance of oxygen to life

A

Laurent Lavoisier

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18
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

concept of living cells arising only from preexisting living cells

A

Biogenesis

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19
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis”

A

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

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20
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after following air to pass through a red-hot tube

A

Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)

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21
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

resolved the issue of spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur (1882-1895)

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22
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the air itself does not create microbes

A

Louis Pasteur (1882-1895)

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23
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

showed that microorganisms can also be present in non-living matter

A

Louis pasteur (1882-1895)

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24
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

stated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat

A

Louis Pasteur

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25
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

technique to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganism

A

Aseptic Technique

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26
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

found that no matter how long some flasks were boiled, they always produced certain growth-heat resistant bacterial spores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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27
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile broth

A

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

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28
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

formed the concept of tyndallization

A

John Tyndall

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29
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

form of sterilization for three consecutive days

A

tyndallization

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30
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

stated that yeast cells were responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

A

Theodore Schwann

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31
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

basis of the concept pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

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32
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

heating beer and wine just enough to kill most of bacteria is an example of a concept of:

A

pasteurization

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33
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

T/F:
Fermentation was not due to microorganisms but due to a chemical instability that converted sugars to alcohol

A

TRUE

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34
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

T/F:
Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as yeast converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air (fermentation)

A

TRUE

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35
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

T/F:
Souring and spoilage of wine are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria

A

TRUE

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36
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

Pasteur’s THREE Contribution to Science

A

: disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

: developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)

: improved wine industry through theory of fermentation

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37
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and developed anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

A

Charles Chamberland

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38
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent spread of disease

A

Ignatz Semmelweis (1816-1865)

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39
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

developed the antiseptic system of surgery

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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40
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

introduced British surgery to handwashing and the use of phenol as antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressings

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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41
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

demonstrated the use of phenol for treating surgical wounds and also sprayed phenol over the surgical area

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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42
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

theory that is based on the concept that microorganisms might cause disease

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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43
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

established the first proof that bacteria causes diseases

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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44
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax (1867-1877)

A

Robert Koch

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45
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

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46
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

was the first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin and used meat extracts and protein digests for cultivation

A

Robert Koch

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47
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

developed culture media for observing growth of bacteria isolated from human body

A

Robert Koch

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48
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

Koch’s Postulates:

A

: microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms

: the suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture

: same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host

:same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host

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49
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent

A

Fannie Eilshemius Hesse

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50
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

developed petri dish (plate)

A

Richard Petri

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51
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

A

Martinus Beijenrick and Sergie Winogradsky

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52
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

experimented on how people can be protected against small pox

A

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

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53
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

collected scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer with cowpox material by scathing the person’s arm with pox-contaminated needle

A

Edward Jenner

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54
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

used the term “vaccine” for cultures of avirulent microorganisms use for preventive inoculation

A

Louis Pasteur

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55
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

used attenuated culture known as vaccine

Latin: “vacca” = cow

A

Louis Pasteur

56
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

A

Emil von Behring

57
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

the treatment of disease by using chemical substances; refers to chemical treatment of noninfectious disease such as cancer

A

chemotherapy

58
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

drugs prepared from chemical in the lab

59
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

drugs produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms

A

antibiotics

60
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for treatment of syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich

61
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

discovered penicillin (Penicillium notatum)

A

Alexander Fleming

62
Q

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY:

made the purification process for penicillin

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

63
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

an area of biologic science comprising three distinct, but highly interrelated, disciplines that include classification, nomenclature, and identification

64
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

a formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things

based on the similarities and differences in genotype and phenotype

65
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Swedish botanist who laid down the basic rules for taxonomy categories (binomial system)

A

Carl von Linne

66
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

the organization or microorganisms that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa

A

Classification

67
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

the arrangement of organisms into groups, preferably in a format that shows evolutionary relationships

A

Classification

68
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Classification System in Order

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
69
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?

composed of similar divisions; similarities of DNA and RNA

70
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?

composed of similar classes

71
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?

main categories are Bacteria and Archaea (unicellular prokaryotic organisms)

72
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?

composed of similar orders

73
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
composed of similar families

74
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
composed of similar genera

75
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
composed of similar species

76
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
the basic group; collection of bacterial strains with common physiologic and genetic features

77
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
species are further subdivided based on phenotypic differences

A

Subspecies

78
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
subspecies based on serologic differences

79
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

What classification system?
subspecies based on biochemical differences

80
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

the proper word for the name of species

81
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

the naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines

A

Nomenclature

82
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

provide accepted labels by which organisms are universally recognized

A

Nomenclature

83
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

In writing the genus name, first letter must be in (capital/small) letter then followed by the species epithet, which begins with a (capital/small) letter

A

capital; small

:both genus and species should be italized in print but underlined when written in script

84
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

T/F:
when bacteria are referred to as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor underlined

A

TRUE

:(example - staphylococci)

85
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

the process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated

A

Identification

86
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme

A

Identification

87
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

relates to the genetic makeup of an organism

88
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

89
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

based on features beyond genetic level

A

phenotypic

90
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

includes readily observable characteristics and those characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected

A

phenotypic

91
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

base sequencing of DNA

92
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

base sequencing of RNA to measure the degree of relatedness of two organisms

93
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

colony morphology

A

phenotypic

94
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

staining

A

phenotypic

95
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

nutritional requirements

A

phenotypic

96
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

Phenotypic or genotypic characteristic?

biochemical and susceptibility test result

A

phenotypic

97
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

characteristic useful in routine identification and phylogenetic information - morphology, physiology and metabolism, ecology, and genetic analysis

A

Classical characteristics

98
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

characteristic with phylogenetic or phyletic classification - based on evolutionary relationships instead of general resemblance

A

Classical characteristics

99
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

characteristic based on the study of nucleic acid composition and proteins

100
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

population of organisms that is differentiated from populations within a particular taxonomic category

101
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

are variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences

102
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

strains with distinctive antigenic properties

103
Q

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND CLASSIFICATION:

are variant prokaryotic strains which differ morphologically

A

Morphovars

104
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

means nucleus, nut, or kernel

105
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

organisms that do not contain a true nucleus

A

prokaryotes

106
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:
Prokaryotes do not contain organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus

107
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Where do functions take place in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm/Cytoplasmic membrane

108
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Bacteria are examples of (prokaryotes/eukaryotes).

A

Prokaryotes

109
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:
Bacteria are unicellular organisms that lack a true nucleus, a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles

110
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

outermost structure of a bacterial cell

A

cell envelope

111
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

cell wall is also referred to as ______.

A

peptidoglycan or murein layer

112
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

a rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell

113
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

cell envelope is composed of ______.

A

outer membrane (Gram neg only)
cell wall
periplasm (Gram neg only)
plasma membrane

114
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

composed of disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits and is also made up of teichoic acid or lipoteichoic acid

115
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

its synthesis and structure has been the primary target of antimicrobial agents

116
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

serves as a point of anchorage for flagella

117
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:

One of cell wall’s functions is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the osmotic pressure outside the cell is greater than the inside of the cell

A

FALSE

Cell wall prevents bacterial cells from rupturing when the osmotic pressure inside the cell is greater than the outside of the cell

118
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

determines the staining characteristics of a species

119
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Gram (-) / Gram (+)
composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan layer

120
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Gram-positive cell wall consists of alternating –?

A

alternating N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-D-muramic acid (NAM)

121
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Gram-positive cell wall contains teichoic acid that is (+/-) charged and contributes to the (positivity/negativity) of the cell wall

A
  • ; negativity
122
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

bind and regulates the movement of cations into and out of the cell

123
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Gram-positive cell wall has antigenic polysaccharides on the surface of peptidoglycan layer usually for ______ testing

A

serological

124
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:

Penicillin acts by preventing synthesis of peptidoglycan

125
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

composed of an outer membrane and inner thin peptidoglycan membrane

A

Gram-negative cell wall

126
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

The (outer/inner) membrane of a gram-negative cell wall is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

127
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

The (outer/inner) membrane of a gram-negative cell wall is the reason for high susceptibility to mechanical breakage

128
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

A gram-negative cell wall contains _________ which is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and has high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport proteins

A

periplasmic space

129
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:
Gram-negative cell wall contains teichoic acid

A

FALSE

Only Gram-positive cell walls have teichoic acid.

130
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:
Gram-negative cell wall has porins that contribute to the permeability of the cell wall

131
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

T/F:
The strong negative charge of the outer membrane is an important factor in evading phagocytosis

132
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria allows hydrophilic compounds to enter the cell through _____.

133
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Acts as a barrier to toxic substances from moving inside the cell

A

outer membrane

134
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

3 Regions of LPS

A

: Lipid - A
: Core polysaccharide
: Antigenic O specific polysaccharide

135
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

major constituent of lipopolysaccharide

136
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

Lipid A is an (endotoxin/exotoxin)

137
Q

PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES, AND ARCHAEOBACTERIA:

vital in evading host defenses; it contributes to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, and stabilizes membrane structure; it also considered as an endotoxin

CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY (3 decks)

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