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A&P 2 chapter 20/21 > review from emily over 20/21 > Flashcards

review from emily over 20/21 Flashcards

1
Q

Flows one way toward the heart

A

Lymph

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2
Q

filter lymph in immune system; found in inguinal, axillary, and cervical vessels

A

lymph nodes

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3
Q
  • very permeable to proteins and endothelial cells
  • absent from bone, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS
  • interstitial mucosa
A

lymphatic capillaries

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4
Q
  • thin walls and internal valves
  • travels with arteries and superficial veins
  • slow movement
A

collecting vessels

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5
Q
  • trunk formed by union of largest collecting ducts

- duct- lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts

A

trunks/ducts

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6
Q

contain T and B cells

A

lymphoid cells

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7
Q

lymphocytes

A

protect against antigens; main warriors of immune system

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8
Q

army- destroy/attack; immune response

A

T cells

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9
Q

become memory cells; produce plasma cells; can be cloned

A

B cells

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10
Q

activate T cells

A

macrophages

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11
Q

tattle tale cells; capture antigens and delivers to lymph nodes

A

dendritic cells

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12
Q

produce stroma

A

reticular cells

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13
Q

lymphoid follicles destroy bacteria; found in distal portion of small intestine

A

peyers patches

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14
Q

spleen

A

stores old rbcs and platelets; lymph proliferation; largest lymphoid organ; red and white pulp

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15
Q

lymphocytes involved in immune function

A

white pulp

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16
Q

macrophages for worn out RBCs

A

red pulp

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17
Q
  • increases in size during childhood- stop during adolescents
  • only T cells
  • thymic corpuscles, medulla, cortex
A

thymus

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18
Q

keeps immature T cells isolated until needed

A

blood thymus barrier

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19
Q

simplest organ; forms a ring of lymph tissue @ pharynx

A

tonsils

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20
Q

posterior end of oral cavity

A

palantine

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21
Q

base of tongue

A

linguinal

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22
Q

adenoids; posterior wall of nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal

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23
Q

openings of auditory tubules

A

tubal

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24
Q

trap and destroy bacteria

A

tonsillar crypts

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25
Q

absorb digested fat; deliver lymph to blood

A

chyli

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26
Q

mucosa associated lymph tissue

A

MALT

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27
Q

BALT

A

bronchus associated lymph tissue

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28
Q

innate (nonspecific)

A

1st line: skin/ mucosal membrane

2nd line: antimicrobial proteins/ phagocytes inflammatory

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29
Q

adaptive (specific)

A

3rd line: attack particular substances/ immune

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30
Q

IgM

A

1st to peak during a primary immune response

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31
Q

IgA

A

protects mucosal barriers

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32
Q

IgE

A

involved in allergies

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33
Q

IgD

A

B cell receptor

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34
Q

IgG

A

main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response

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35
Q

intact membranes

A

1st line of defense

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36
Q

innate

A

inflammatory response and skin/mucous membranes

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37
Q

2nd line

A

inflammatory response

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38
Q

3d line

A

immune response

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39
Q

slows/stops immune response

A

Regulatory T cells

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40
Q

enables response to secondary exposure to antigens

A

memory cells

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41
Q

absence results in no immunity response

A

helper T cell

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42
Q

forms antibody producing cells

A

B cells

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43
Q

kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

A

cytotoxic cells

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44
Q

antibodies block sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins

A

neutralization

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45
Q

antigens that bind and cross link

A

agglutination

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46
Q

soluble molecules are linked and subjected to phagocytosis

A

precipitation

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47
Q

several antibodies bind close together triggering cell lysis

A

complement fixation

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48
Q

neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

A

diapedesis

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49
Q

neutrophils cling to capillary walls

A

margination

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50
Q

neutrophils follow chemical trail

A

chemotaxis

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51
Q

neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow

A

leukocytosis

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52
Q

isolated clusters of lymph follicles- prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall. generate memory cells for intestinal wall antigens trying to breach it

A

peyers paatches

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53
Q

small organs associated w lymphatic vessels

A

lymph nodes

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54
Q

receives lymph from most of the body

A

thoracic duct

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55
Q

protein containing fluid with in lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

56
Q

largest lymphatic vessels; stores RBCs

A

spleen

57
Q

what cell can directly attack and kill other cells of the body that have been compromised by infectious material?

A

cytotoxic T cells

58
Q

What cell function in the adaptive immune system activation?

A

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells

59
Q

T/F; One antigen may have different antigenic determinants and may cause formation of more than 1 antibody

A

True

60
Q

which cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity?

A

helper T cell

61
Q

T/F; lactate pathway is a complement activation pathway

A

False

62
Q

which immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells?

A

primary immune response

63
Q

____ ___ ____ ___ result in the formation of plasma cells which produce antibodies against foreign antigens?

A

colonal selection of Bcells

64
Q

_____ are part of the second line of defense against microorganisms

A

phagocytes

65
Q

______ interfere with viral replication in cells

A

interferons

66
Q

T/F; NKCs are APCs

A

false

67
Q

what do activated Tcells & macrophages release to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes?

A

cytokines

68
Q

T/F; reactivity w an antibody is a characteristic of complete antigens

A

True

69
Q

how do B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge?

A

by producing cloned cells of itself reflecting the antigen and produce plasma

70
Q

innate immune defense includes ____

A

phagocytosis

71
Q

fever production is regulated by chemicals called _____

A

pyrogens

72
Q

________ is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

A

immunocompetence

73
Q

cancer cells and virus infected cells can be killed before activation by ___

A

NKC

74
Q

T/F; phagocyte mobilization involves mainly neutrophils and macrophages migration into inflamed areas

A

True

75
Q

opsonization

A

complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites

76
Q

what does T cell activation require?

A

antigen bonding and costimulation

77
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

78
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

red bone marrow

79
Q

what are incomplete antigens called?

A

haptens

80
Q

T/F; immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate and proliferate specific lymphocytes and antibodies?l

A

True

81
Q

which cell plays role in the adaptive immune response by helping activate T/B ells and recruitment of other immune cells?

A

helper T cells

82
Q

when is the thymus most active?

A

childhood

83
Q

CD4 cells become ________ and CD8 cells become ______

A

helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

84
Q

_______ is becoming unresponsive to self- antigens

A

self- tolerance

85
Q

T/F; Class 1 MHC proteins are displayed by RBCs

A

false, MHC 1 are for nucleated cells

86
Q

____ inform cytotoxic T cells of the prescence of microorganisms hiding in cells

A

APCs

87
Q

T/F; APCs directly respond to specific antigens

A

False

88
Q

Which cells recognize abnormality?

A

NKCs

89
Q

What is reactivity?

A

The ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies that are released in a immune reaction

90
Q

T/F; Regulatory T cells dampen the immune response by direct contact

A

True

91
Q

What are small secondary lymph organs?

A

lymph nodes are the primary secondary lymph organ, you also have tonsils, spleen, peyers patches in intestinal wall, appendix

92
Q

T/F; Class 2 MHC proteins bind with fragments of exogenous antigens

A

True

93
Q

T/F; Erythrocytes are part of the lymphatic system

A

False

94
Q

What is the simplest part of lymphatic tissue?

A

tonsils

95
Q

What are antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance

A

plasma cells

96
Q

Which cells are considered warriors of the immune system?

A

lymphocytes

97
Q

T/F; the thymus atrophies as we age

A

True

98
Q

What are the blind ended pits in tonsils called?

A

Tonsilar crypts

99
Q

T/F; antigenic cells are a type of T cell

A

False

100
Q

T/F; Replacing injured tissue with C.T is a function of inflammatory response

A

false

101
Q

Which way does lymph flow?

A

one way towards the heart

102
Q

T/F; in the spleen, red pulp is involved in immune functions and white pulp is involved in RBCs

A

False, red pulp breaks down old RBCs to reuse the iron and white pulp is for immune function

103
Q

T/F; The are more efferent vessels than there are afferent vessels

A

False, more afferent, less efferent to slow the flow down so macrophages can work

104
Q

T/F; hyperplasia is excessive tissue growth

A

True

105
Q

T/F; compliment proteins kill bacteria, infected cells, and other distressed cells by cell lysis

A

True

106
Q

T/F; self reactive B cells are eliminated by Apoptosis

A

False

107
Q

T/F; CD4 and CD8 cells are immunocompetent

A

false

108
Q

T/F; the secondary immune response occurs on the initial exposure to a specific antigens

A

false

109
Q

T/F; fixed macrophages wonder thru tissue spaces, while free macrophages are permanently residents of some organs

A

False

110
Q

Where regulatory T cells develop and in the medulla of the thymus

A

thymic corpuscles

111
Q
  • nonspecific defense system, 1st and second line of defense
  • skin, mucous membrane
  • phagocytes, NKC, inflammation
A

innate defense system

112
Q
  • third line of defense against particular foreign substances
  • T/B cells
A

adaptive (specific) defense system

113
Q
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
  • stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron)
  • store blood platelets and monocytes
  • fetal erythrocyte production
  • red/white pulp
A

spleen

114
Q
  • site of immune function
  • mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers
  • white clusters around central arteries
A

white pulp

115
Q
  • where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
  • rich in RBCs and macrophages that engulf them
  • composed of splenic cords (reticular tissue) that separate blood filled splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses)
A

red pulp

116
Q

overlying epithelium invaginates

  • bacteria or particulate matter enters crypts, where they are trapped and destroyed
  • in tonsils
A

tonsillar crypts

117
Q
  • houses and provide proliferation site for lymphocytes
    -surveillance points for lymphocytes and macros
    -composed of reticular tissue
  • T/B cell replication and aggregation
    2 main types
  • diffuse and nodules
A

lymphoid tissue

118
Q
  • cell has to do with humoral immunity
  • matures in the red bone marrow
  • produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
A

B cells

119
Q
  • cell has to do with cellular immunity
  • matures in the thymus
  • manage immune response, some attack and destroy infected cells
A

T cells

120
Q
  • t cell maturation
  • most active, largest in childhood
  • eventually atrophies, slows down on producing immunocompetent cells but doesn’t stop
  • cortex and medulla
  • no follicles bc lacks B cells
  • contain blood thymus barrier
  • stroma is made up of epithelial cells and not reticular fibers
A

thymus

121
Q

-capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes, also help activate T cells

A

dendritic cells

122
Q

first encounter between an antigen and a naïve B cell

  • occurs in spleen or lymph node
  • b cells respond to this by producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
A

antigen challenge

123
Q
  • solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
    -contain germinal centers
    -also known as lymphoid follicles
  • primary secondary lymph organ
    -cleane the lymph
    -immune system activation
  • fibrous capsule and trabeculae
  • cortex and medulla
    imbalance- buboes : swollen glands
    -can be secondary cancer sites
A

lymph nodes

124
Q
  • lymphoid tissue in mucous membrane
  • tonsils, peyers patches, appendix
  • protects from pathogens trying to enter body
  • respiratory tract,IG tract, genitourinary
A

MALT

125
Q
  • part of second line of defense
  • nonphagocytic, large granular lympho that police blood and lymph
  • can kill cancer and virus infected cells b4 adaptive immune system
  • attack cells that lack “self” surface recptors
  • kill by apoptosis
  • secrete potent chemicals to enhance inflammatory response
A

NKC

126
Q
  • most abundant phagocyte
  • become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
  • die fighting
A

neutrophils

127
Q
  • loose arrangement of lymphoid cells
  • found in virtually every body organ
  • larger collections in lamina propria of mucous membranes
A

diffuse lymphoid tissue

128
Q
  • main antibody is ImG
  • memory response to being exposed to antigen for second time
  • faster response
  • sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory
  • antibody levels peak in2-3 days
  • antibody level remains high for weeks to a month
A

secondary immune response

129
Q

CD4 cells become what type of 2 cells once’s the APC presents the MHC 2 antigen

A

Helped T cells or regulatory cells

130
Q

CD8 becomes what type of cell mainly when the APC brings MHC 1 protein

A

Cytotoxic T cells

131
Q

T cells become mature when presented with processed fragment of

A

MHC PROTEIN

132
Q

What MHC is presented by all cells except RBCs

A

Class 1

133
Q

What MHC is presents by APCs (macros, dendritic cells, B cells)

A

Class 2

134
Q

What chemicals are made inside the antigen, cytotoxic T cells specifically look for anything that seems off
Endogenous proteins
Intracellular

A

MHC 1

135
Q

Part of APCs
Engulf antigenic material, tags MHC w fragment of what is ate on outside of cell
This fragment recognized by helper T cell (CD4 cell)
Exogenous

A

MHC 2

A&P 2 chapter 20/21 (4 decks)

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