review from emily over 20/21 Flashcards
Flows one way toward the heart
Lymph
filter lymph in immune system; found in inguinal, axillary, and cervical vessels
lymph nodes
- very permeable to proteins and endothelial cells
- absent from bone, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS
- interstitial mucosa
lymphatic capillaries
- thin walls and internal valves
- travels with arteries and superficial veins
- slow movement
collecting vessels
- trunk formed by union of largest collecting ducts
- duct- lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts
trunks/ducts
contain T and B cells
lymphoid cells
lymphocytes
protect against antigens; main warriors of immune system
army- destroy/attack; immune response
T cells
become memory cells; produce plasma cells; can be cloned
B cells
activate T cells
macrophages
tattle tale cells; capture antigens and delivers to lymph nodes
dendritic cells
produce stroma
reticular cells
lymphoid follicles destroy bacteria; found in distal portion of small intestine
peyers patches
spleen
stores old rbcs and platelets; lymph proliferation; largest lymphoid organ; red and white pulp
lymphocytes involved in immune function
white pulp
macrophages for worn out RBCs
red pulp
- increases in size during childhood- stop during adolescents
- only T cells
- thymic corpuscles, medulla, cortex
thymus
keeps immature T cells isolated until needed
blood thymus barrier
simplest organ; forms a ring of lymph tissue @ pharynx
tonsils
posterior end of oral cavity
palantine
base of tongue
linguinal
adenoids; posterior wall of nasopharynx
pharyngeal
openings of auditory tubules
tubal
trap and destroy bacteria
tonsillar crypts
absorb digested fat; deliver lymph to blood
chyli
mucosa associated lymph tissue
MALT
BALT
bronchus associated lymph tissue
innate (nonspecific)
1st line: skin/ mucosal membrane
2nd line: antimicrobial proteins/ phagocytes inflammatory
adaptive (specific)
3rd line: attack particular substances/ immune
IgM
1st to peak during a primary immune response
IgA
protects mucosal barriers
IgE
involved in allergies
IgD
B cell receptor
IgG
main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response
intact membranes
1st line of defense
innate
inflammatory response and skin/mucous membranes
2nd line
inflammatory response
3d line
immune response
slows/stops immune response
Regulatory T cells
enables response to secondary exposure to antigens
memory cells
absence results in no immunity response
helper T cell
forms antibody producing cells
B cells
kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
cytotoxic cells
antibodies block sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
neutralization
antigens that bind and cross link
agglutination
soluble molecules are linked and subjected to phagocytosis
precipitation
several antibodies bind close together triggering cell lysis
complement fixation
neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
diapedesis
neutrophils cling to capillary walls
margination
neutrophils follow chemical trail
chemotaxis
neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
leukocytosis
isolated clusters of lymph follicles- prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall. generate memory cells for intestinal wall antigens trying to breach it
peyers paatches
small organs associated w lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
receives lymph from most of the body
thoracic duct
protein containing fluid with in lymphatic vessels
lymph
largest lymphatic vessels; stores RBCs
spleen
what cell can directly attack and kill other cells of the body that have been compromised by infectious material?
cytotoxic T cells
What cell function in the adaptive immune system activation?
Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells
T/F; One antigen may have different antigenic determinants and may cause formation of more than 1 antibody
True
which cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity?
helper T cell
T/F; lactate pathway is a complement activation pathway
False
which immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells?
primary immune response
____ ___ ____ ___ result in the formation of plasma cells which produce antibodies against foreign antigens?
colonal selection of Bcells
_____ are part of the second line of defense against microorganisms
phagocytes
______ interfere with viral replication in cells
interferons
T/F; NKCs are APCs
false
what do activated Tcells & macrophages release to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes?
cytokines
T/F; reactivity w an antibody is a characteristic of complete antigens
True
how do B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge?
by producing cloned cells of itself reflecting the antigen and produce plasma
innate immune defense includes ____
phagocytosis
fever production is regulated by chemicals called _____
pyrogens
________ is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
immunocompetence
cancer cells and virus infected cells can be killed before activation by ___
NKC
T/F; phagocyte mobilization involves mainly neutrophils and macrophages migration into inflamed areas
True
opsonization
complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites
what does T cell activation require?
antigen bonding and costimulation
Where do T cells mature?
thymus
Where do B cells mature?
red bone marrow
what are incomplete antigens called?
haptens
T/F; immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate and proliferate specific lymphocytes and antibodies?l
True
which cell plays role in the adaptive immune response by helping activate T/B ells and recruitment of other immune cells?
helper T cells
when is the thymus most active?
childhood
CD4 cells become ________ and CD8 cells become ______
helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
_______ is becoming unresponsive to self- antigens
self- tolerance
T/F; Class 1 MHC proteins are displayed by RBCs
false, MHC 1 are for nucleated cells
____ inform cytotoxic T cells of the prescence of microorganisms hiding in cells
APCs
T/F; APCs directly respond to specific antigens
False
Which cells recognize abnormality?
NKCs
What is reactivity?
The ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies that are released in a immune reaction
T/F; Regulatory T cells dampen the immune response by direct contact
True
What are small secondary lymph organs?
lymph nodes are the primary secondary lymph organ, you also have tonsils, spleen, peyers patches in intestinal wall, appendix
T/F; Class 2 MHC proteins bind with fragments of exogenous antigens
True
T/F; Erythrocytes are part of the lymphatic system
False
What is the simplest part of lymphatic tissue?
tonsils
What are antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance
plasma cells
Which cells are considered warriors of the immune system?
lymphocytes
T/F; the thymus atrophies as we age
True
What are the blind ended pits in tonsils called?
Tonsilar crypts
T/F; antigenic cells are a type of T cell
False
T/F; Replacing injured tissue with C.T is a function of inflammatory response
false
Which way does lymph flow?
one way towards the heart
T/F; in the spleen, red pulp is involved in immune functions and white pulp is involved in RBCs
False, red pulp breaks down old RBCs to reuse the iron and white pulp is for immune function
T/F; The are more efferent vessels than there are afferent vessels
False, more afferent, less efferent to slow the flow down so macrophages can work
T/F; hyperplasia is excessive tissue growth
True
T/F; compliment proteins kill bacteria, infected cells, and other distressed cells by cell lysis
True
T/F; self reactive B cells are eliminated by Apoptosis
False
T/F; CD4 and CD8 cells are immunocompetent
false
T/F; the secondary immune response occurs on the initial exposure to a specific antigens
false
T/F; fixed macrophages wonder thru tissue spaces, while free macrophages are permanently residents of some organs
False
Where regulatory T cells develop and in the medulla of the thymus
thymic corpuscles
- nonspecific defense system, 1st and second line of defense
- skin, mucous membrane
- phagocytes, NKC, inflammation
innate defense system
- third line of defense against particular foreign substances
- T/B cells
adaptive (specific) defense system
- largest lymphoid organ
- lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
- stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron)
- store blood platelets and monocytes
- fetal erythrocyte production
- red/white pulp
spleen
- site of immune function
- mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers
- white clusters around central arteries
white pulp
- where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
- rich in RBCs and macrophages that engulf them
- composed of splenic cords (reticular tissue) that separate blood filled splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses)
red pulp
overlying epithelium invaginates
- bacteria or particulate matter enters crypts, where they are trapped and destroyed
- in tonsils
tonsillar crypts
- houses and provide proliferation site for lymphocytes
-surveillance points for lymphocytes and macros
-composed of reticular tissue - T/B cell replication and aggregation
2 main types - diffuse and nodules
lymphoid tissue
- cell has to do with humoral immunity
- matures in the red bone marrow
- produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
B cells
- cell has to do with cellular immunity
- matures in the thymus
- manage immune response, some attack and destroy infected cells
T cells
- t cell maturation
- most active, largest in childhood
- eventually atrophies, slows down on producing immunocompetent cells but doesn’t stop
- cortex and medulla
- no follicles bc lacks B cells
- contain blood thymus barrier
- stroma is made up of epithelial cells and not reticular fibers
thymus
-capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes, also help activate T cells
dendritic cells
first encounter between an antigen and a naïve B cell
- occurs in spleen or lymph node
- b cells respond to this by producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
antigen challenge
- solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
-contain germinal centers
-also known as lymphoid follicles - primary secondary lymph organ
-cleane the lymph
-immune system activation - fibrous capsule and trabeculae
- cortex and medulla
imbalance- buboes : swollen glands
-can be secondary cancer sites
lymph nodes
- lymphoid tissue in mucous membrane
- tonsils, peyers patches, appendix
- protects from pathogens trying to enter body
- respiratory tract,IG tract, genitourinary
MALT
- part of second line of defense
- nonphagocytic, large granular lympho that police blood and lymph
- can kill cancer and virus infected cells b4 adaptive immune system
- attack cells that lack “self” surface recptors
- kill by apoptosis
- secrete potent chemicals to enhance inflammatory response
NKC
- most abundant phagocyte
- become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
- die fighting
neutrophils
- loose arrangement of lymphoid cells
- found in virtually every body organ
- larger collections in lamina propria of mucous membranes
diffuse lymphoid tissue
- main antibody is ImG
- memory response to being exposed to antigen for second time
- faster response
- sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory
- antibody levels peak in2-3 days
- antibody level remains high for weeks to a month
secondary immune response
CD4 cells become what type of 2 cells once’s the APC presents the MHC 2 antigen
Helped T cells or regulatory cells
CD8 becomes what type of cell mainly when the APC brings MHC 1 protein
Cytotoxic T cells
T cells become mature when presented with processed fragment of
MHC PROTEIN
What MHC is presented by all cells except RBCs
Class 1
What MHC is presents by APCs (macros, dendritic cells, B cells)
Class 2
What chemicals are made inside the antigen, cytotoxic T cells specifically look for anything that seems off
Endogenous proteins
Intracellular
MHC 1
Part of APCs
Engulf antigenic material, tags MHC w fragment of what is ate on outside of cell
This fragment recognized by helper T cell (CD4 cell)
Exogenous
MHC 2
