review from emily over 20/21 Flashcards
1
Q
Flows one way toward the heart
A
Lymph
2
Q
filter lymph in immune system; found in inguinal, axillary, and cervical vessels
A
lymph nodes
3
Q
- very permeable to proteins and endothelial cells
- absent from bone, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS
- interstitial mucosa
A
lymphatic capillaries
4
Q
- thin walls and internal valves
- travels with arteries and superficial veins
- slow movement
A
collecting vessels
5
Q
- trunk formed by union of largest collecting ducts
- duct- lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts
A
trunks/ducts
6
Q
contain T and B cells
A
lymphoid cells
7
Q
lymphocytes
A
protect against antigens; main warriors of immune system
8
Q
army- destroy/attack; immune response
A
T cells
9
Q
become memory cells; produce plasma cells; can be cloned
A
B cells
10
Q
activate T cells
A
macrophages
11
Q
tattle tale cells; capture antigens and delivers to lymph nodes
A
dendritic cells
12
Q
produce stroma
A
reticular cells
13
Q
lymphoid follicles destroy bacteria; found in distal portion of small intestine
A
peyers patches
14
Q
spleen
A
stores old rbcs and platelets; lymph proliferation; largest lymphoid organ; red and white pulp
15
Q
lymphocytes involved in immune function
A
white pulp
16
Q
macrophages for worn out RBCs
A
red pulp
17
Q
- increases in size during childhood- stop during adolescents
- only T cells
- thymic corpuscles, medulla, cortex
A
thymus
18
Q
keeps immature T cells isolated until needed
A
blood thymus barrier
19
Q
simplest organ; forms a ring of lymph tissue @ pharynx
A
tonsils
20
Q
posterior end of oral cavity
A
palantine
21
Q
base of tongue
A
linguinal
22
Q
adenoids; posterior wall of nasopharynx
A
pharyngeal
23
Q
openings of auditory tubules
A
tubal
24
Q
trap and destroy bacteria
A
tonsillar crypts
25
absorb digested fat; deliver lymph to blood
chyli
26
mucosa associated lymph tissue
MALT
27
BALT
bronchus associated lymph tissue
28
innate (nonspecific)
1st line: skin/ mucosal membrane
| 2nd line: antimicrobial proteins/ phagocytes inflammatory
29
adaptive (specific)
3rd line: attack particular substances/ immune
30
IgM
1st to peak during a primary immune response
31
IgA
protects mucosal barriers
32
IgE
involved in allergies
33
IgD
B cell receptor
34
IgG
main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response
35
intact membranes
1st line of defense
36
innate
inflammatory response and skin/mucous membranes
37
2nd line
inflammatory response
38
3d line
immune response
39
slows/stops immune response
Regulatory T cells
40
enables response to secondary exposure to antigens
memory cells
41
absence results in no immunity response
helper T cell
42
forms antibody producing cells
B cells
43
kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
cytotoxic cells
44
antibodies block sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
neutralization
45
antigens that bind and cross link
agglutination
46
soluble molecules are linked and subjected to phagocytosis
precipitation
47
several antibodies bind close together triggering cell lysis
complement fixation
48
neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
diapedesis
49
neutrophils cling to capillary walls
margination
50
neutrophils follow chemical trail
chemotaxis
51
neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
leukocytosis
52
isolated clusters of lymph follicles- prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall. generate memory cells for intestinal wall antigens trying to breach it
peyers paatches
53
small organs associated w lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
54
receives lymph from most of the body
thoracic duct
55
protein containing fluid with in lymphatic vessels
lymph
56
largest lymphatic vessels; stores RBCs
spleen
57
what cell can directly attack and kill other cells of the body that have been compromised by infectious material?
cytotoxic T cells
58
What cell function in the adaptive immune system activation?
Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells
59
T/F; One antigen may have different antigenic determinants and may cause formation of more than 1 antibody
True
60
which cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity?
helper T cell
61
T/F; lactate pathway is a complement activation pathway
False
62
which immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells?
primary immune response
63
____ ___ ____ ___ result in the formation of plasma cells which produce antibodies against foreign antigens?
colonal selection of Bcells
64
_____ are part of the second line of defense against microorganisms
phagocytes
65
______ interfere with viral replication in cells
interferons
66
T/F; NKCs are APCs
false
67
what do activated Tcells & macrophages release to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes?
cytokines
68
T/F; reactivity w an antibody is a characteristic of complete antigens
True
69
how do B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge?
by producing cloned cells of itself reflecting the antigen and produce plasma
70
innate immune defense includes ____
phagocytosis
71
fever production is regulated by chemicals called _____
pyrogens
72
________ is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
immunocompetence
73
cancer cells and virus infected cells can be killed before activation by ___
NKC
74
T/F; phagocyte mobilization involves mainly neutrophils and macrophages migration into inflamed areas
True
75
opsonization
complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites
76
what does T cell activation require?
antigen bonding and costimulation
77
Where do T cells mature?
thymus
78
Where do B cells mature?
red bone marrow
79
what are incomplete antigens called?
haptens
80
T/F; immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate and proliferate specific lymphocytes and antibodies?l
True
81
which cell plays role in the adaptive immune response by helping activate T/B ells and recruitment of other immune cells?
helper T cells
82
when is the thymus most active?
childhood
83
CD4 cells become ________ and CD8 cells become ______
helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
84
_______ is becoming unresponsive to self- antigens
self- tolerance
85
T/F; Class 1 MHC proteins are displayed by RBCs
false, MHC 1 are for nucleated cells
86
____ inform cytotoxic T cells of the prescence of microorganisms hiding in cells
APCs
87
T/F; APCs directly respond to specific antigens
False
88
Which cells recognize abnormality?
NKCs
89
What is reactivity?
The ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies that are released in a immune reaction
90
T/F; Regulatory T cells dampen the immune response by direct contact
True
91
What are small secondary lymph organs?
lymph nodes are the primary secondary lymph organ, you also have tonsils, spleen, peyers patches in intestinal wall, appendix
92
T/F; Class 2 MHC proteins bind with fragments of exogenous antigens
True
93
T/F; Erythrocytes are part of the lymphatic system
False
94
What is the simplest part of lymphatic tissue?
tonsils
95
What are antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance
plasma cells
96
Which cells are considered warriors of the immune system?
lymphocytes
97
T/F; the thymus atrophies as we age
True
98
What are the blind ended pits in tonsils called?
Tonsilar crypts
99
T/F; antigenic cells are a type of T cell
False
100
T/F; Replacing injured tissue with C.T is a function of inflammatory response
false
101
Which way does lymph flow?
one way towards the heart
102
T/F; in the spleen, red pulp is involved in immune functions and white pulp is involved in RBCs
False, red pulp breaks down old RBCs to reuse the iron and white pulp is for immune function
103
T/F; The are more efferent vessels than there are afferent vessels
False, more afferent, less efferent to slow the flow down so macrophages can work
104
T/F; hyperplasia is excessive tissue growth
True
105
T/F; compliment proteins kill bacteria, infected cells, and other distressed cells by cell lysis
True
106
T/F; self reactive B cells are eliminated by Apoptosis
False
107
T/F; CD4 and CD8 cells are immunocompetent
false
108
T/F; the secondary immune response occurs on the initial exposure to a specific antigens
false
109
T/F; fixed macrophages wonder thru tissue spaces, while free macrophages are permanently residents of some organs
False
110
Where regulatory T cells develop and in the medulla of the thymus
thymic corpuscles
111
- nonspecific defense system, 1st and second line of defense
- skin, mucous membrane
- phagocytes, NKC, inflammation
innate defense system
112
- third line of defense against particular foreign substances
- T/B cells
adaptive (specific) defense system
113
- largest lymphoid organ
- lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
- stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron)
- store blood platelets and monocytes
- fetal erythrocyte production
- red/white pulp
spleen
114
- site of immune function
- mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers
- white clusters around central arteries
white pulp
115
- where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed
- rich in RBCs and macrophages that engulf them
- composed of splenic cords (reticular tissue) that separate blood filled splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses)
red pulp
116
overlying epithelium invaginates
- bacteria or particulate matter enters crypts, where they are trapped and destroyed
- in tonsils
tonsillar crypts
117
- houses and provide proliferation site for lymphocytes
-surveillance points for lymphocytes and macros
-composed of reticular tissue
- T/B cell replication and aggregation
2 main types
- diffuse and nodules
lymphoid tissue
118
- cell has to do with humoral immunity
- matures in the red bone marrow
- produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
B cells
119
- cell has to do with cellular immunity
- matures in the thymus
- manage immune response, some attack and destroy infected cells
T cells
120
- t cell maturation
- most active, largest in childhood
- eventually atrophies, slows down on producing immunocompetent cells but doesn't stop
- cortex and medulla
- no follicles bc lacks B cells
- contain blood thymus barrier
- stroma is made up of epithelial cells and not reticular fibers
thymus
121
-capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes, also help activate T cells
dendritic cells
122
first encounter between an antigen and a naïve B cell
- occurs in spleen or lymph node
- b cells respond to this by producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
antigen challenge
123
- solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
-contain germinal centers
-also known as lymphoid follicles
- primary secondary lymph organ
-cleane the lymph
-immune system activation
- fibrous capsule and trabeculae
- cortex and medulla
imbalance- buboes : swollen glands
-can be secondary cancer sites
lymph nodes
124
- lymphoid tissue in mucous membrane
- tonsils, peyers patches, appendix
- protects from pathogens trying to enter body
- respiratory tract,IG tract, genitourinary
MALT
125
- part of second line of defense
- nonphagocytic, large granular lympho that police blood and lymph
- can kill cancer and virus infected cells b4 adaptive immune system
- attack cells that lack "self" surface recptors
- kill by apoptosis
- secrete potent chemicals to enhance inflammatory response
NKC
126
- most abundant phagocyte
- become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
- die fighting
neutrophils
127
- loose arrangement of lymphoid cells
- found in virtually every body organ
- larger collections in lamina propria of mucous membranes
diffuse lymphoid tissue
128
- main antibody is ImG
- memory response to being exposed to antigen for second time
- faster response
- sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory
- antibody levels peak in2-3 days
- antibody level remains high for weeks to a month
secondary immune response
129
CD4 cells become what type of 2 cells once’s the APC presents the MHC 2 antigen
Helped T cells or regulatory cells
130
CD8 becomes what type of cell mainly when the APC brings MHC 1 protein
Cytotoxic T cells
131
T cells become mature when presented with processed fragment of
MHC PROTEIN
132
What MHC is presented by all cells except RBCs
Class 1
133
What MHC is presents by APCs (macros, dendritic cells, B cells)
Class 2
134
What chemicals are made inside the antigen, cytotoxic T cells specifically look for anything that seems off
Endogenous proteins
Intracellular
MHC 1
135
Part of APCs
Engulf antigenic material, tags MHC w fragment of what is ate on outside of cell
This fragment recognized by helper T cell (CD4 cell)
Exogenous
MHC 2
