chapter 21 part A

Question 1

____ provides resistance to disease

Answer 1

immune system

Question 2

immune system is made up of two systems
________
- 1st line; mucous membrane, skin
-2nd line; antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, inflammation
_______
-3rd line; attack particular foreign invaders

Answer 2

innate (nonspecific)

adaptive (specific)

Question 3

phagocytes, NKC, inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBC, inflammatory chemicals), antimicrobial proteins ( interferons and complements) pattern recognition receptors are all part of the what line of defense?

Answer 3

2nd

Question 4

WBC that ingest and digest foreign invaders

Answer 4

phagocytes

Question 5

most abundant phagocyte, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

Answer 5

neutrophils

Question 6

develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagoctye

Answer 6

macrophages

Question 7

wander thru tissue spaces; ex: aveolar macrophages

Answer 7

free macrophages

Question 8

permanent residents of some organs like microglia in the brain

Answer 8

fixed macrophages

Question 9

1. phagocyte adhere to pathogen or debris
2. phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle forming a phagosome
3. lysosome fuse with phagocytic vessel, form phagolysosome
4. toxic compounds and lysosomal enzyme destroy pathogens
5. sometimes exocytosis of the vesicale remove indigestible/residual material

Answer 9

phagocytosis

Question 10

opsonization

Answer 10

immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins as opsonins that coat pathogens (coat a microorganisms and provide binding sites)

Question 11

opsonins

Answer 11

act as handle for phagocytes to grab on to, enhancing phagocytosis

Question 12

cytoplasmic extensions

Answer 12

pseudopods

Question 13

phagocytic vesicale

Answer 13

phagosome

Question 14

phagosome fsing with lysosome

Answer 14

phagolysosome

Question 15

kill pathogen resistant to lysosomal enzyme by

• releasing cell killing free radicals
• produce oxidizing chemicals
• increase pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome

Answer 15

respiratory burst

Question 16

microbe killing proteins in neutrophils

Answer 16

defensins

Question 17

• nonphagocytic that patrol blood and lymph
• can kill cancer and virus infected cells b4 activating adaptive immune system
• attack cells that lack “self” cell surface receptors
• kill by apoptosis
• secrete inflammation enhancement chemicals

Answer 17

Natural killer cells

Question 18

triggered when body tissues are injured

• redness, heat, swelling, pain
• prevent spread of damaging agents
• dispose of cell debris and pathogen

-alert adaptive system

Answer 18

inflammation

Question 19

when chemicals are released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, or blood proteins
ex: histamine is released by mast cells is key inflammatory chemicals

Answer 19

inflammatory chemical release

Question 20

macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear special pattern recognition receptors called

Answer 20

toll like receptors TLRs

Question 21

activated TLRs trigger release of _____ that promote inflammation

Answer 21

cytokines

Question 22

cell signaling molecules that stimulate movement of cells toward site of inflammation, infection

Answer 22

cytokines

Question 23

-cause vasodilation of local arterioles
-make capillaries leaky
-attract leukocytes to area
-

Answer 23

kinins, prostaglandins, complement

Question 24

vasodilation causes_____ that leads to redness and heat

Answer 24

hyperemia

Question 25

congestion with blood

Answer 25

hyperemia

Question 26

fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies

Answer 26

exudate

Question 27

release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis- inducing factors from injured cells

Answer 27

leukocytosis

Question 28

endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area project cell adhesion molecules into vessel lumen that grab onto passing neutrophils, causing them to slow, clinging to wall

Answer 28

margination

Question 29

neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells, moving into interstitial space

Answer 29

diapedesis

Question 30

inflammatory chemicals act as chemotaxis agents that promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils toward injured area

Answer 30

chemotaxis

Question 31

creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue, pathogens

Answer 31

Pus

Question 32

collagen fibers are laid down, walling off sac of pus

Answer 32

abscess

Question 33

bacteria resistant to digestion by macrophages can form a tumor like growth area of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and outer capsule

Answer 33

granulomas

Question 34

enhance innate defense by - attacking microorgansims directly - hindering mircoorgansms reproduction ability - interferons and complement proteins

Answer 34

antimicrobial proteins

Question 35

family of immune modulating proteins enter neighbring cells to stmulate production of protein that block viral reproduction -alpha/beta actiate NK cells

Answer 35

interferons (IFN)

Question 36

- secreted by lymphocytes - activate macros - widespread immune mobilizing effects - used to treat Hep C, genital warts, MS

Answer 36

interferons gamma

Question 37

-consist of 20 blood proteins that circulate blood in inactive form -proteins c1-c9, B,D,P, regulatory proteins -major mechanism for destroying foreign substances -activation enhances inflammation -directly destroy bacteria enhance both systems

Answer 37

complement system

Question 38

- antibodies 1st bind to invading organism then to complement component, activating them - double binding- complement fixation - initial complement protein activated, cascade occurs

Answer 38

classical pathway for complement system

Question 39

double binding

Answer 39

complement fixation

Question 40

- lectins produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders - lectin binds to specific sugar on foreign invader, can also bind and activate complement

Answer 40

lectin pathway for complement system

Question 41

- complement cascade is activated spontaneously hen certain complement factors bind directly to foreign invader

Answer 41

alternative pathway for complement system

Question 42

this begins _____ ______ - C3b bind to target cell, trigger insertion of complement protein called membrane attack complex (MAC) into cell membrane - MAC forms and stabilize hole in microbe membrane, influx of water

Answer 42

cell lysis

Question 43

- abnormally high body temp - leukos and macros exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens - increase metabolic rate (increase repair rate)

Answer 43

fever

Question 44

ac on bodys thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temp | regulate fever

Answer 44

pyrogens