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A&P 2 chapter 20/21 > chapter 21 part B > Flashcards

chapter 21 part B Flashcards

1
Q

specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body

  • amplifies inflammatory response
  • activates complement
  • must be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance
A

adaptive immune system

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2
Q

recognizes and targets specific antigens

A

specific

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3
Q

not restricted to initial site

A

systemic

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4
Q

mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigen (second exposure)

A

memory

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5
Q

two main branches or adaptive system

A

humoral (antibody mediated)

cellular (cell mediated)

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6
Q
  • antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids
  • bind temporarily to target cell (mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement)
  • extracellular targets
A

humoral immunity

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7
Q
  • lymphocyte act against target cell
    -directly- kill infected cells (cytotoxic, NKC)
    indirectly- release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response, or activate other lymphocytes/macros (tag em)
    -CELLULAR tagets
A

cellular immunity

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8
Q 
substances can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
- target all adaptive immune response
-usually seen as nonself
complete/incomplete
-antigenic deteminants
-self antigen
A

antigens

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9
Q

incomplete antigen

-has to bin to protein or some part of us to attack

A

hapten

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10
Q
  • can come in and start fuckin shit up
    -immunogenicity
    -reactivity
    ex; pollen
A

complete antigen

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11
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability to come in an fuck shit up, able to stimulate proliferation

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12
Q

ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

A

reactivity

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13
Q

haptens
- involve molecules that are too small to be noticed alone, so they have to bind to us to become antigenic
ex; poision ivy, danders or gordy
-not complete till it attaches to us
-combo of protein and hapten is then seen as foreign

A

incomplete antigen

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14
Q

part of antigen that antibodies/ lymphos receptors bind to

  • multiple factors to determine that antigen
  • multifaceted
A

antigenic determinants

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15
Q

all cells covered w variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
-ex; blood transfusion and BC don’t match, my immune system will attack donor blood, creates widespread coagulation. self antigen was not evident, body regect, body attack

A

self antigen

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16
Q

important self proteins are a group of glycoproteins called______
the flagpole, flag is the self fragment
-displays the self fragment
-contain grove that can hold piece of self antigen or foreign antigen
- t lymphocytes can recognize only antigens that are presented on MHC proteins

A

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

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17
Q
  • do not respond to specific antigens
  • SNITCHES
  • take little fragment of antigen they ran into, and give it to T/B cell to fuck em up
A

APC- antigen presenting cells

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18
Q

both lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow

A

origin

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19
Q

lymphocytes can recognize only one specific antigen

A

immunocompetence

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20
Q

lymphocytes are educated and mature in primary lymphoid organs (thymus and red bone marrow)

A

maturation

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21
Q

lymphocytes must be unresponsive to own antigens

A

self- tolerance

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22
Q

t-cells mature in the thymus under neg. or pos. selection pressures

  • positive; t cells capable of recognizing self- MHC proteins
  • negative; apoptosis if bind to self-antigen displayed by self-MHC protein
A

maturation of T cells

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23
Q

in red bone marrow

  • only immunocompetent B cells are allowed to mature
  • those that are self reactive are eliminated by apoptosis
  • clonal deletion
A

B cell maturation

24
Q

immunocompetent B/T cells are called

25
immunocompetent B/T cells are exported from primary lymphoid organs to "seed" secondary lymphoid organs
seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
26
lymphocyte is selected to differentiate into active cell by binding to it's specific antigen - puts them front and center to battle with the antigen
clonal selection
27
lymphocyte that is now an effective/ active cell and forms exact copies of itself
clones
28
most clones become ________ _____ that fight infections
effector cells
29
a few remain as ____ cells - able to respond to same antigen faster second time around stay in seeding location (lymph nodes, spleen)
memory
30
engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition
dendritic, macros, B cells
31
- found in C.T and epidermis - mobile sentinels of boundary tissue - phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, enter lymphs to present antigens to T cell in lymph node - most effective antigen presenter known - 1st and second line of defense
dendritic cells
32
- C.T and lymphoid tissue -present antigen to t cells, activates macros and T cells -macrophage activated- phagocytizer trigger inflammatory response
macrophages
33
- do not activate naïve T cells | - present antigen to helper t cell to help their own activation
B lymphocytes
34
most clone cells become _____ ____, antibody secreting effector cells - secrete 2000 antibodies per second for 4-5 days; then die - antibodies circulate binding to free antigens, marking them for destruction
plasma cells
35
clone cells that done become plasma cells become ___ ___ - immunological memory - immediate response to furture exposure to same antigen
memory cells
36
cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure to antigen for lag time - lag period; differentiation of b cell, antibodes are being secreted - peak levels reached at 10 days - then decline - antibodies are tagging antigens for attack at 10 days
primary immune response
37
re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response - sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory - antibody peaks in 2-3 days
secondary immune response
38
when b cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them -
active humoral immunity
39
formed in response to actual bacteria or viral infection
active humoral- naturally acquired
40
formed in response to vaccine of dead pathogens - provide antigenic determinants that are immunodenic and reactive - spare us symptoms of primary repsonse
artificially acquired- active humral
41
occurs when ready made antibodies are introduced into the body - bcells aren't challenged by antigens
passive humoral immunity
42
antibodies delivered to fetus via milk
naturally acquired- passive immunity
43
injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
artificially acquired- passive immunity
44
immunoglobulins (Igs) proteins secreted by plasma cells - given in attempt to temporarily boost immunity - derived from blood plasma (gamma globulin) - can bind specifically w antigen detected by B cell
antibodies
45
____ is released during primary response, but plasma cell can switch to ____ for secondary response
IgM, IgG
46
almost all secondary responses are Ig_
IgG
47
antibodies don't destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them - form _________
antigen-antibody (immune) complexes
48
defense mechanisms used by antibodies
neutralization agglutination precipitation complement fixation
49
- simplest, but one of the most important defense mechanism - antibodies block specific sites on viruses/ bacteria exotoxins - prevent antigens from binding to receptor on tissue cell
neutralization
50
- antibodies can bind same determinant on 2 different antigens @ the same time - each antibody has 2 arms - allow for antigen-antibody complex to become crosslinked into clumps
aggultination
51
- soluble molecules are cross linked into complexes (not cells) - complex precipitate out of solution - precipitated complex easier for phagos to engulf
precipitation
52
- main body defense against cellular antigens - several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen, complement binding sites on stem region align - alignment- complement fixation- cell lysis-
complement fixation and activation
53
- 1st antibody secreted by plasma cells during primary response - primary response antibody
IgM
54
- secretory antibody- found in body secretions - saliva, intestinal juice - try to stop initial contact w antigen
IgA
55
- found on surface of B cells | - antigenic determinant on B cell
IgD
56
- most abundant antibody - all thru plasma content - late primary and secondary response
IgG
57
- made in response to allergic reactions - bind to mast cells, basophils - full inflammatory response to pet danders
IgE

A&P 2 chapter 20/21 (4 decks)

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