Review for test 2 -(Evolution Lectures) Flashcards
Bacterial resistance of abx
societal
Anti viral resistant HIV, cancer
Individual
Key pieces of evidence include
Homologous structures in different organisms
Similarities in embryos
Artificial selection
Geographical distribution of species
The linchpin of evolution and Genomic Medicine
Individual variation
Natural selection does not produce the best
healthiest body!
The single result is to maximize an individuals reproductive fitness
Examples of medicine working against evolution
Immune response to infection and allergies
Anxiety and short attention span (ADD)
Addiction (reward seeking behavior)
Back pain /upright posture
Aspiration is a - yr old legacy
400 yr
Advantages of walking upright
Visibility
Less energy
Free up two other limbs
Problems that came with walking upright
Back pain
Difficulty in child birth
Inguinal hernia , uterine prolapse
Humans developed culture how many year ago
100,000
Societal progress is faster than
evolution
Hypothetical first molecule, an RNA could catalyze its own synthesis through
Activity of a ribozyme
Why do protein catalyst outnumber ribozymes in modern cells ?
Nucleic acids are too hydrophilic
More diversity, 20 AA vs 4 nucleic acids
Compartmentalization necessary for specialization , proteins more capable of this
3 major domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
*** analysis was based on sequence comparisons of 16S rRNA. Method also detected mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA.
***Major surprise
sequence data found two major branches of prokaryotes
***Another surprise . . . .
Archaea were found to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they were bacteria
*** Why is the mitochondria so very similar to bacteria ?
- has its own circular DNA
- Duplicates DNA via binary fission
- Double membrane system unlike other organelles
- uses oxygen to generate ATP
*** What differences can we take advantage of to combat infection by microorganisms?
- RNA processing
2. Cell wall and surface proteins
*** No evidence for
de novo synthesis of a new random gene
Found in species that branched before metazoans
genes for adhesion proteins
Voltage gated ions channels are found in
Bacteria
Arachaea
Eukaryotes
***Nervous tissue evolved first as a diffuse network , then evolved to be
centralized with a concentration of neurons in the front end of an animal
Meiosis creates variations in two ways
- Homologous recombination
2. 50 -50 chance of passing down either chromosome to its off spring
***Sex and meiosis evolved
together
