Review for test 2 -(Evolution Lectures)

Question 1

Bacterial resistance of abx

Answer 1

societal

Question 2

Anti viral resistant HIV, cancer

Answer 2

Individual

Question 3

Key pieces of evidence include

Answer 3

Homologous structures in different organisms

Similarities in embryos

Artificial selection

Geographical distribution of species

Question 4

The linchpin of evolution and Genomic Medicine

Answer 4

Individual variation

Question 5

Natural selection does not produce the best

Answer 5

healthiest body!

The single result is to maximize an individuals reproductive fitness

Question 6

Examples of medicine working against evolution

Answer 6

Immune response to infection and allergies

Anxiety and short attention span (ADD)

Addiction (reward seeking behavior)

Back pain /upright posture

Question 7

Aspiration is a - yr old legacy

Answer 7

400 yr

Question 8

Advantages of walking upright

Answer 8

Visibility
Less energy
Free up two other limbs

Question 9

Problems that came with walking upright

Answer 9

Back pain
Difficulty in child birth
Inguinal hernia , uterine prolapse

Question 10

Humans developed culture how many year ago

Answer 10

100,000

Question 11

Societal progress is faster than

Answer 11

evolution

Question 12

Hypothetical first molecule, an RNA could catalyze its own synthesis through

Answer 12

Activity of a ribozyme

Question 13

Why do protein catalyst outnumber ribozymes in modern cells ?

Answer 13

Nucleic acids are too hydrophilic

More diversity, 20 AA vs 4 nucleic acids

Compartmentalization necessary for specialization , proteins more capable of this

Question 14

3 major domains

Answer 14

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukaryotes

*** analysis was based on sequence comparisons of 16S rRNA. Method also detected mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA.

Question 15

***Major surprise

Answer 15

sequence data found two major branches of prokaryotes

Question 16

***Another surprise . . . .

Answer 16

Archaea were found to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they were bacteria

Question 17

*** Why is the mitochondria so very similar to bacteria ?

Answer 17

1. has its own circular DNA
2. Duplicates DNA via binary fission
3. Double membrane system unlike other organelles
4. uses oxygen to generate ATP

Question 18

*** What differences can we take advantage of to combat infection by microorganisms?

Answer 18

1. RNA processing

2. Cell wall and surface proteins

Question 19

*** No evidence for

Answer 19

de novo synthesis of a new random gene

Question 20

Found in species that branched before metazoans

Answer 20

genes for adhesion proteins

Question 21

Voltage gated ions channels are found in

Answer 21

Bacteria
Arachaea
Eukaryotes

Question 22

***Nervous tissue evolved first as a diffuse network , then evolved to be

Answer 22

centralized with a concentration of neurons in the front end of an animal

Question 23

Meiosis creates variations in two ways

Answer 23

1. Homologous recombination

2. 50 -50 chance of passing down either chromosome to its off spring

Question 24

***Sex and meiosis evolved

Answer 24

together