Review Chapter 6-8 Flashcards by Monica McWilliams | Brainscape

Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic living unit of all matter

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Q

What does the protoplasm carry?

A

-Complex process of metabolism
-The reception and processing of food and oxygen
-The elimination of waste products

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Q

What do organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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Q

What are examples of organic compounds?

A

Lipids, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids

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Q

What do inorganic compounds contain?

A

Hydrogen and oxygen

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Q

What are examples of inorganic compounds?

A

Water and mineral salts

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Q

Which organic compound contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds?

A

Protein

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Q

How much of the cell contents is protein constitute?

A

Approximatey 15%

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Q

What is protein essential for?

A

Growth, the construction of new body tissue, and the repair of injured or debilitated tissue

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Q

What does enzymatic proteins(enzymes) function as?

A

Organic catalysts

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Q

What does enzymatic proteins (enzymes) control?

A

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Q

What does enzymatic proteins (enzymes) control?

A

The cell’s various physiologic activities

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Q

What do structural proteins provide?

A

Provides the body with its shape and form

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Q

Where is structural proteins found?

A

In muscle

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Q

Where is DNA contained?

A

In the nucleus

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Q

What does DNA contain?

A

All genetic information

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Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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Q

What does RNA act as?

A

A messenger for DNA

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Q

What does RNA act as?

A

A messenger for DNA

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Q

What does RNA act as?

A

A messenger for DNA

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Q

What does RNA act as?

A

A messenger for DNA

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Q

How chromosomes does somatic cells have?

A

46 different chromosomes

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Q

How many chromosomes do gonadal cells have?

A

23 chromosomes each

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Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

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Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

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Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

protein and DNA

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Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

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Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

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Q

What are the components of the normal cell?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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Q

Somatic cells comprise all types of tissues, like?

A

Skin, muscle, nerve

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Q

What do somatic cells carry?

A

Carry out life functions of the individual

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Q

What do somatic cells pass on?

A

Identical genetic information to daughter somatic cells

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Q

What process does somatic cells go through to divide?

A

mitosis

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Q

What are the most sensitive types of somatic cells?

A

-Blood (RBC)
-Marrow

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Q

What are gonadal cells are responsible for?

A

The continuance of species

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Q

What is spermatogonium?

A

Male gonadal cellW

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Q

What is spermatogonium?

A

Male gonadal cell

Q

What is oogonium?

A

female gonadal cell

Q

What is the process gonadal cells go through?

A

meiosis

Q

What can radiation damage to DNA result in?

A

The transmission of incorrect genetic information to future generations

Q

What is another name for cell division?

A

cell proliferation

Q

What is cell division?

A

The act of a single cell or group of cells reproducing or multiplying in number

Q

What are the four phases cell division?

A

1st: Prophase
2nd: Metaphase (Radiation can induce chromosome damage)

Q

What are the four phases cell division?

A

1st: Prophase
2nd: Metaphase (Radiation can induce chromosome damage
3rd: Anaphase
4th: Telaphase

Q

What are four things that may occur if a cell is damaged by radiation?

A

-Cell may repair itself completely
-Cell may partially repair itself but not able to function correctly
-Cell may continue to function but will pass on incorrect genetic information
-Cell may die

Q

What is the name of any permanent damage to chromosomes?

A

Chromosome aberration (or mutation)

Q

What varies among the different types of radiation?

A

Charge, mass and energy

Q

What is LET?

A

A measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from a beam of ionizing radiation to the tissue through which it is traveling

Q

AS LET increases, what happens to biological damage and radiation damage?

A

Biological damage increases & increase in radiation damage

Q

If the ability to penetrate increases, what happens to the LET?

A

Decrease in LET

Q

Which type of ionizing radiation would produce a higher LET, gamma rays or beta particles? Why?

A

Q

What are Low-LET radiation?

A

Gamma rays & X-rays

Q

What are High-LET radiation?

A

-Alpha particles
-Ions of heavy nuclei
-Charged particles released from interactions between neutrons and atoms
-Low-energy neutrons

Q

What does RBE take into consideration?

A

The amount of damage caused by different types of radiation

Q

Radiation with higher LET will cause _____ biological damage?

A

more

Q

How are LET and RBE related?

A

They are proportional

Q

If LET increases, what happens to RBE?

A

Increases

Q

Do x-rays have a higher or lower RBE compared to heavy ions?

A

Lower; Heavy ions have a RBE of 20 and 200-kev X-rays have a RBE of 1

Q

What is oxygen enhancement ratio?

A

The ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in any oxygen-deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions

Q

Is biological tissue more or less radiosensitive when it is well oxygenated, than when it is poorly oxygenated (hypoxic)?

A

More

Q

What happens if enough somatic cells are affected?

A

The entire body processes may be disrupted

Q

What happens if radiation damages the germ cells?

A

The damage may be passed on to future generations in the form of genetic mutations

Q

Does more ionizing radiation damage come in the way of indirect effect or direct effect?

A

Indirect effect

Q

What is direct effect?

A

A photon from the primary beam of radiation ionizes a molecule critical to the cell

Q

What is an example of direct effect?

A

DNA

Q

What is indirect effect?

A

After an initial ionizing event, there will be an ejected electron and either a secondary or scattered photon that may ionize another atom or molecule (H20)

Q

Why does indirect effect cause the most radiation damage?

A

It creates another photon that may ionize another atom or molecule

Q

What is radolysis?

A

When water gets irradiated it breaks down into molecules. These molecules can recombine and create harmful or harmless molecules

Q

What are harmless molecules that can be made after radiolysis?

A

H2O & H3O

Q

What are harmful molecules that can be made after radiolysis?

A

H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide)

Q

Target Theory: Can a cell absorb radiation damage and continue to function unless a key or target molecule is damaged(DNA)?

A

Yes

Q

What are the six damages to the cell nucleus?

A

-Instant death
-Reproductive death
-Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (interphase death)
-Mitotic, or genetic death
-Mitotic delay
-Interference with function

Q

Target Theory: If the target molecule is damaged, what will happen to the cell?

A

It will die

Q

What is instant death?

A

A large number of cells occurs when a volume is irradited with an x-ray or gamma ray dose approx. 1000Gy. Cell dies, no chance of recovery/repair

Q

What is instant death?

A

A large number of cells occurs when a volume is irradiated with an x-ray or gamma ray dose approx. 1000Gy. Cell dies, no chance of recovery/repair

Q

What is reproductive death?

A

Cell does not die, permanently loses its ability to procreate. Results from exposure of cells to doses of ionizing radiation in the range of 1-10Gy

Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Non-mitotic, or non-division form of cell death that occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell cycle. Spontaneously occurs in healthy tissue and tumors. Example: skin cells die and are replenished

Q

What is mitotic death?

A

Occurs when a cell dies after one or more divisions

Q

What is mitotic delay?

A

Exposing a cell just before it begins to divide, failure of the cell to start dividing on time, after this delay normal mitotic functions can resume

Q

What cells are radiaosensitive?

A

-Basal cells of the skin
-Blood cells such as lymphocytes and erythrocyte’s
-Intestinal crypt cells
-Reproductive (germ) cells

Q

What cells are radiosensitive?

A

-Brain cells
-Muscle cells
-Nerve cells

Q

What does the law of Bergoine and tribondeau state?

A

-Immature cells are more radiosensitive than mature ones
-Young tissue and organs are more radiosensitive than older ones
-The higher metabolism of a given cell, the more radiosensitive it will be
-Rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive

Q

Is an embryo/fetus or a child/adult more susceptible to radiation damage?

A

Embryo/fetus because it contains a large number of immature cells

Q

What cells are MOST radiosensitive?

A

Cells undergoing mitosis, blood cells, and gonadal cells

Q

Which cells have reduced radiosensitivity? Why?

A

Nerve, brain, and muscle cells; Because people are born with nearly all of these cells and they are neither immature nor rapidly dividing

Q

What is hematologic depression?

A

decreasing of active cells in tissue

Q

What is depletion of immature blood cells?

A

Most blood cells in bone marrow, a decrease in immature blood cells in bone marrow ultimately reduces the number of mature blood cells in the bloodstream

Q

What is repopulation after a period of recovery?

A

If bone marrow cell are not dead, they can recover and repopulate. Remember high doses can cause cell death, inability to repopulate

Q

Why are RBC one of the most radiosensitive blood cells?

A

They are the primary oxygen carriers

Q

What is the most radiosensitive blood cells? Why?

A

Lymphocytes; Because they have a short life span

Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

-Lines and covers body tissue
-The body continually regenerates this tissue, it is highly radiosensitive

Q

Does muscle tissue divide?

A

No

Q

Does nerve tissue divide?

A

Adults: no