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Radiation Protection > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Overview of Cell Biology

1
Q

What is biology?

A

a science that explores living things and life processes

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2
Q

What are cells?

A

-Basic unit of all living matter
-Essential for life
-Fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body
-Exist in a multitude of different forms

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3
Q

What are some functions of the cell?

A

-Conduction of nerve impulses
-Contraction of muscles
-Support various organs
-Transport body fluids such as in blood

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4
Q

What happens if a cell is mature?

A

it is highly specialized and has predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body

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5
Q

What can the cell do?

A

-Move
-Grow
-React
-Protect themselves and repair damage
-Regulate life processes
-Reproduce

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6
Q

What are requirements for the body?

A

-Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
-Supply oxygen to help break down the food
-Have enough water to transport inorganic substances (calcium and sodium) into and out of the cell

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7
Q

What is the benefit of proper cell function?

A

Enables the body to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium despite any changes the body may undergo such as stress, exercise, injury, or disease

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8
Q

What are the effects of ionizing radiation on the cell?

A

Damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair
-Cell behave abnormally
-Cells die

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9
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

a chemical building material for all living things

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10
Q

What does the protoplasm carry?

A

-Complex process of metabolism
-The reception and processing of food and oxygen
-The elimination of waste products

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11
Q

What does the protoplasm consist of ?

A

large and small molecules called macromolecules, which consist of organic compounds and inorganic materials

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12
Q

What are organic compunds?

A

contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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13
Q

What are inorganic materials?

A

do not contain carbon (water & mineral salt)

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14
Q

What are the four major classes of organic compounds that compose the cell?

A

-Proteins
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids (fat)
-Nucleic Acid

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15
Q

What is the basic constituent of all organic matter?

A

carbon

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16
Q

What makes life possible?

A

by combining hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

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17
Q

What organic compound contains the most carbon?

A

proteins

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18
Q

How much of the cell is protein?

A

15%

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19
Q

What is protein essential for?

A

-Growth
-The construction of new body tissue
-The repair of injured or debilitated tissue

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20
Q

How is protein formed?

A

when amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes

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21
Q

How much of the cell is water?

A

80-85%

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22
Q

How much of the cell is carbohydrates?

A

1%

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23
Q

How much of the cell is nucleic acids?

A

1%

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24
Q

How much of the cell is lipids?

A

2%

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25
Q

How many different amino acids are involved in protein production(protein synthesis)?

A

22

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26
Q

What determines the precise function of each protein molecule?

A

The order of arrangement of the different amino acids

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27
Q

What are enzymatic proteins(enzymes)?

A

-Function as organic catalysts
-Control the cell’s various physiologic activities
-Cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell

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28
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

-Provide the body with its shape and form
-Provide a source of heat and energy for the body
-Example: found in muscle

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29
Q

What do repair enzymes do?

A

can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage
-They are vital for the survival of the cell
-Works effectively in both the diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges

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30
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes

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31
Q

When are antibodies produced?

A

When other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong to the body

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32
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens

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33
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

a white blood cell

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34
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body

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35
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Regulate body functions such as growth and development

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36
Q

What is an example of hormones?

A

Hormones produced in the thyroid gland control the metabolism throughout the body

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37
Q

What do carbohydrates include?

A

starches and various sugars

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38
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

as short-term energy warehouses for the body

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39
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

To provide fuel for cell metabolism

40
Q

Where are carbs most abundant?

A

In the liver and in muscle tissue

41
Q

What are lipids (fats)?

A

-Organic molecules
-The structural parts of the cell membranes
-Perform various functions in the body

42
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

-Very large, complex macromolecules

43
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

44
Q

What are two types of nucleic acid cells?

A

DNA & RNA

45
Q

What is DNA?

A

Double stranded macromolecule contained in the nucleus

46
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

all genetic information of the cell

47
Q

What are the two functions of DNA?

A

-Replication
-Control cellular activity

48
Q

How is DNA arranged?

A

Into long thread-like structures called chromosomes

49
Q

How many chromosomes do normal humans have?

A

46 each (23 pairs)

50
Q

What is RNA?

A

Single stranded and function as the messenger system for DNA between DNA and the ribosomes where synthesis occurs
-receives a set of chemical instructions from DNA

51
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

tiny-rod shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long thread-like structures that become visible only in dividing cells

52
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

Protein and DNA

53
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal human have in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell have?

A

46 different chromosomes (23 pairs)

54
Q

How may chromosomes does each reproductive (germ cell) have?

A

23 each

55
Q

What are genes?

A

Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity; Each one contains information responsible for directing cytoplasmic activity, controlling growth and development of the cell, and transmitting hereditary information

-Basic units of heredity-

56
Q

What do genes control?

A

The formation of proteins in every ell through the intricate process of genetic coding

57
Q

Where do inorganic compounds occur?

A

In nature independent of living things; they are acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes)

58
Q

What are the most important inorganic substances?

A

Water & Mineral Salts

59
Q

Water comprises how much of the body’s weight?

A

80-85%

60
Q

It is imperative for the correct amount of what in a cell to be maintained?

A

Water

61
Q

What is the function of water within the cell?

A

-Is the medium in which the chemical reactions that are the basis of metabolic activities occur
-Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact, and their concentration may be regulated

62
Q

What is the function of water outside the cell?

A

-Functions as a transport vehicle for materials the cell uses or eliminates
-Is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6F
-Lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations
-Protects organs such as the brain and lungs

63
Q

What is the function of mineral salts within the cell?

A

-Keep the correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure
-Necessary for:
-Proper cell performance
- Creation of energy
- Conduction of impulses along nerves

64
Q

What are the components of the normal human cell?

A

-Cell Membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus

65
Q

What is the difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm?

A

Protoplasm includes the nucleus

66
Q

What are the two cell classifications?

A

Somatic cells & Gonadal cells

67
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

comprise all types of tissues in the body(skin, muscle, nerves)

68
Q

What do somatic cells do?

A

-Carry out life function of the individual
-Pass on identical genetic information to daughter somatic cells

69
Q

What are gonadal cells?

A

Responsible for continuance of species

70
Q

What do gonadal cells do?

A

-Contain ONLY 23 chromosomes
-Spermatogonium (sperm) : male gonadal cell
-Oogonium (egg) : female gonadal cell

71
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis & Meiosis

72
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to it.
-Process occurs when all somatic cells divide

73
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A process of reduction cell division
-Process that occurs when gonadal cells divide
-Process needed to create new/more sperm and egg cells

74
Q

What is another name for cell division?

A

Cell proliferation

75
Q

What is cell division?

A

The act of a single cell or group of cells reproducing or multiplying in number

76
Q

What are the four phases of cell division?

A

1-Prophase
2-Metaphase
3-Anaphase
4-Telaphase

77
Q

During which phase of cell division can radiation induce chromosome damage?

A

Metaphase

78
Q

What is interphase?

A

phase before mitotic events

79
Q

Mitosis makes _______ cells?

A

identical

80
Q

What is uncontrolled cell growth?

A

Cancer

81
Q

Are body cells dividing all the time?

A

No

82
Q

What is prophase?

A

The beginning

83
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle, nuclei starts to disappear

84
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Chromosomes start to pull to the sides of the cell

85
Q

What is telaphase?

A

Chromosomes are pulled all the way to the sides of the cell, new nuclei are forming

86
Q

What does mitosis create?

A

Forms 2 new cells, each with 46 identical chromosomes

87
Q

What type of cells is most sensitive to radiation during mitosis?

A

Somatic Cells

88
Q

What are the most sensitive types of somatic cells?

A

Blood (RBC) & Marrow

89
Q

How many cell divisions occur in meiosis?

A

2

90
Q

What process divides gonadal cells?

A

meiosis

91
Q

What does radiation damage to DNA in meiosis result in?

A

The transmission of incorrect genetic information to future generations

92
Q

What are the phases in meiosis?

A

-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
-Production of 2 daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes
-P2
-M2
-A2
-T2
-New set of daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (4 all together)

93
Q

After meiosis is complete the 4 sperm or egg cells will all be __________.

A

different

94
Q

Will the cells produced after meiosis be identical to the original cell?

A

No

95
Q

What are monozygotic twins(identical twins)?

A

One egg splits into two after fertilization

96
Q

What are dizygotic twins(fraternal twins)?

A

Two eggs are fertilized

Radiation Protection (8 decks)

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