Review Chapter 2

Question 1

The “Reference Theory of Meaning” was expounded by Aristotle. What does it mean?

Answer 1

It means that the meaning of a word consists in what it refers to.
i.e: The word Dog refers to all Dogs in the word, So it seems plausible to hold that the meaning of dog is all the dogs in the world.

Question 2

The “Idea Theory of Meaning,” was Developed by John Locke in the seventh Century. What does it mean?

Answer 2

This means that the meaning of a word consists in the idea or mental image that is associate with that specific word.
i.e when you think of dog it seems you would have a metal image associated with that word and it is plausible to hold the meaning of dog with the mental image in your head.

Question 3

Ludwig, and Austin approached meaning with “Meaning as use” What does this mean?

Answer 3

This means that words only have meaning when they are used in sentences; without any context they have no meaning.

Question 4

Name all Nine Functions of Language

Answer 4

1) Descriptive Function
2) Evaluative Function
3) Emotive Function
4) Evocative Function
5) Persuasive Function
6) Interrogative Function
7) Directive Function
8) Performative Function
9) Recreational Function

Question 5

What function of Language is this below?

This Coffee is cold
I dont have any change for the coffee machine
A cup of coffee would calm my nerves

Answer 5

Descriptive

Question 6

What function of Language is this below?

Julie is the best student in class
That was the worst movie I've seen in years.

Answer 6

Evaluative

Question 7

What function of Language is this below?

I love you
Thank Heavens thats over

Answer 7

Emotive

Question 8

What function of Language is this below?

I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.
At speedy you’re somebody

Answer 8

Evocative

Question 9

You shouldnt take astrology seriously. There is no scientific basis for it.

Answer 9

Persuasive

Question 10

What function of Language is this below?

What is the due date for the essay?
Tell me your age

Answer 10

Interrogative

Question 11

What function of Language is this below?

GO to the principals office immediately
Take these pills twice a day

Answer 11

Directive

Question 12

What function of Language is this below?

I find the accused guilt of murder (Said by judge)
I now pronounce you husband and wife (said by paster)

Answer 12

Performative

Question 13

What function of Language is this below?

Why did the chick cross the road
Old mother goose
The hunger games

Answer 13

Recreational

Question 14

What function of Language is this below?

You can increase your sales by 30 percent through advertising in local media (said by advertising sales person from a local TV station who is talking to the manager of a clothing store)

Answer 14

Persuasive

Question 15

What function of Language is this below?

I love you more than anyone else I’ve ever known (Said by young woman to young man)

Answer 15

Emotive

Question 16

What function of Language is this below?

I declare this building offically open (said by major of city)

Answer 16

Performative

Question 17

What does it mean to have a Sense of a word?

Answer 17

This is what we understand when we under stand its meaning

Question 18

What does the reference of a word mean?

Answer 18

this is the class of things to which the word refers.

Question 19

What is a reportive Definition?

Answer 19

On that reports the standard usage of a word.

I.e Standard ditctionarys give reportive defintions

Question 20

What is a Stipulative Definition?

Answer 20

This means you address new (more precise) meanings to a word

Question 21

What is an essentialist Definition?

Answer 21

These are compressed theories; they attempt to express in succinct form a theory about the nature of what is being defined

Question 22

What is a Genus-Species Method?

Answer 22

This is catagorizing things

Question 23

What is an Ostensive Definitions

Answer 23

Defining things by showing them to someone.

I.e: A car is something with an engine, metal from, and wheels points to cars on street those are cars

Question 24

What are operational definitions?

Answer 24

This is used to define a term very precisely by specific rule of operation

I.e A genius is anyone who scores over 140 on a standard IQ test.

Question 25

What is a circular definition?

Answer 25

One that includes the term being defined (or its cognate) In the definition

I.e: A golf ball is a small spherical object used in the game of golf.

Question 26

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A Supreme Court is the highest court in the united states

Answer 26

too narrow, because the defining phrase (the highest court in the United States) applies only to the Supreme Court of the United States, and excludes the Supreme Courts of other countries.

Question 27

What is the error committed by the following definition?

Poetry is an art form that uses words to communicate ideas and images

Answer 27

too broad, because the defining phrase (art form that uses words to communicate ideas and images) includes other art forms that use words to communicate ideas and images, such as novels and plays.

Question 28

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A snowplow is an implemented designed to remove snow

Answer 28

too broad, because the defining phrase (implement designed to remove snow) includes other implements designed to remove snow, such as snow shovels and snow blowers. it is also circular, which would make the definition useless for anyone who does not know what snow is.

Question 29

What is the error committed by the following definition?

Restoration is the process or activity of restoring something to its former condition

Answer 29

Circular

Question 30

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A tritone is the musical interval of an augmented fourth or a diminished fifth

Answer 30

Obscure. This definition would only be informative to someone who already has extensive knowledge of music theory.

Question 31

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A stapler is a device for fastening pages together

Answer 31

too broad, since the defining phrase includes several other devices that are used to fasten pages together, such as paper clips and binders. it is also too narrow, since the defining phrase excludes staplers that are designed for use in construction and for other industrial uses.

Question 32

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A nurse is a woman who is trained to look after the sick

Answer 32

too narrow, because the defining phrase excludes male nurses. it is also too broad, because it includes other health care professionals, such as doctors and chiropractors.

Question 33

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A bungalow is a one story building

Answer 33

too broad, since the defining phrase includes other kinds of one-storey buildings such as garages and shops.

Question 34

What is the error committed by the following definition?

The united nations is an organization aimed at fostering co-operation and peace between nations.

Answer 34

too broad, since the defining phrase also refers to other international organizations, such as the European Community, the Olympics, natO, and the international Civil aviation Organization.

Question 35

What is the error committed by the following definition?

A sport is an activity involving competition between individuals, or group of individuals.

Answer 35

too broad, since the defining phrase also includes such competitive activities as operating a business, playing chess, and competing in music festivals, none of which are sports. it is also too narrow, since the defining phrase excludes such individual sports as sport fishing, surfboarding, and sky diving, which are not normally competitive.