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Review book Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common eating disorder?

A

binge eating disorder

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2
Q

What percent of obese patients have binge eating disorder

A

50%

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3
Q

What 2 criteria are needed for BED?

A

Eating large amounts of food in discrete amount of time and lack of control

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4
Q

What are other criteria for BED?

A

3 of the following:
Eating more rapidly than normal
Eating beyond fullness
Eating large amounts when not hungry
Hiding eating d/t embarrassment
Feeling disgusted, guilty

Also have to feel distressed about it

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5
Q

How many episodes per week and for how many months do you have to have symptoms of BED?

A

1 time per week for 3 months

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6
Q

What is the most sensitive test for diabetes?

A

OGTT
2 hour sugar >200 is DM with 75 gm sugar load

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7
Q

What do you have to watch for in regards to false lows with A1c?

A

If someone has an anemia

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8
Q

What percentage of Diabetics have a BMI > 25?

A

90%
(34% overweight, 60% BMI >30)

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9
Q

How do you diagnose Prader willi?

A

DNA methylation studies

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10
Q

What is age of obesity in Prader Willi?

A

2-5yo

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11
Q

What is treatment for Prader Willi?

A

Calorie restriction and behavioral therapy with Growth and sex hormone replacement at puberty

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12
Q

What is the chromosomal deletion in Prader Willi?

A

15q(underexpressed) on paternal chromosome

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13
Q

What are some features of Prader Willi?

A

Delayed speech and motor development
Thin upper lips
Almond eyes
Smaller at birth
Hypotonia/floppiness at birth
Weight gain at about age 2

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14
Q

At what BMI is it recommended to measure waist circumference and why?

A

25-34.9 to further assess CV risk. Over 35, doesn’t offer much further risk stratification

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15
Q

What is waist measurement in men/women that associated with greater CM risk?

A

Males 102 cm(40”)
Women 88cm(35”)

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16
Q

What BMI cutoff should be used for screening and confirmation of excess adiposity in Asians?

A

23

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17
Q

What is waist circumference cutoff in Asians?

A

> = 85cm(33.5”) in men
= 74-80cm (29-31.5”)

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18
Q

What are some factors when measuring waist circumference?

A

Measure at iliac crest
Measure at end of normal expiration
Snug but not compress skin and parallel to floor

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19
Q

What is the best test to measure body fat composition at the MOLECULAR level?

A

Isotope dilution hydrometry(Deuterium)

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20
Q

Is Isotope dilution hydrometry used in clinical practice?

A

NO

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21
Q

How is isotope dilution hydrometry done?

A

All cells except body fat will take up the tracer so this amount is substracted from total body mass/weight to get fat mass

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22
Q

What percent body fat diagnoses obesity in Men? in Women?

A

Men >=25%
Women >=32%

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23
Q

Which ethnic group in each gender has highest body fat?

A

Caucasian males and hispanic females

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24
Q

Pro of calipers to measure body fat?

A

Inexpensive

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25
Q

Con of using calipers?

A

Not accurate at high BMI
User dependant - variable

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26
Q

Pros of DXA for body fat?

A

Accurate
Relatively inexpensive
Gold Std

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27
Q

Cons DXA?

A

May not accommodate those of larger BMI

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28
Q

Pros of BIA?

A

Relatively accurate
Inexpensive
Commonly used

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29
Q

Cons of BIA?

A

Hydration dependent
Avoid if has cardiac electrical device

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30
Q

How does hydration affect BIA measurement?

A

Dehydration - increased body fat(Avoid diuretics, alcohol and caffeine)
Diluted - decreased body fat - so avoid water 2-4 hours before the test

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31
Q

What are some things other then the hydration rules you should consider with BIA?

A

Avoid strenuous exercise before
Avoid eating 3-4 hours before

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32
Q

What is vitamin deficiency is first to show up in Vegans?

A

Vitamin D will be deficient within a year

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33
Q

What other vitamin deficiencies are associated with vegans?

A

Vitamin D, B12, calcium, iron, Zn, Omega 3, Lysine

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34
Q

When does B12 deficiency show up in Vegans?

A

Years later unless pernicious anemia

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35
Q

Which amino acid are Vegans at risk for?

A

Lysine

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36
Q

What are pros of underwater densitometry?

A

Very accurate

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37
Q

What are cons of underwater densitometry?

A

Time consuming and cumbersome

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38
Q

What are pros of CT/MRI for measuring body fat?

A

Very accurate

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39
Q

What are cons of CT/MRI for measuring body fat?

A

Expensive
Radiation exposure with CT

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40
Q

What is best imaging for visceral fat?

A

MRI with spectroscopy

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41
Q

What AHI is considered mild OSA?

A

5-15

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42
Q

What AHI is considered moderate OSA?

A

15-30

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43
Q

What AHI is considered severe OSA?

A

> 30

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44
Q

What is diagnostic criteria for OSA?

A
  1. AHI or RDI >15 or
  2. AHI or RDI 5-15 and at least one of the following: Daytime sleepiness, unrefreshing sleep, waking up gasping, fatigue, insomnia, witness apnea, loud snoring
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45
Q

What is Apnea?

A

respiratory pauses lasting >=10 secs

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46
Q

What is Hypopnea?

A

shallow breathing leading to O2 desat of >=4%

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47
Q

What is RDI?

A

respiratory effort related arousals(RERA) during sleep

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48
Q

Which is more sensitive RDI or AHI?

A

RDI

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49
Q

Why does naltrexone alone not cause weight loss?

A

Naltrexone relies on buproprion to cleave POMC into alpha MSH and B endorphin. The Bendorphin binds to opiate receptors which causes a negative feedback loop on POMC. Thus naltrexone binds to it displacing bendorphins

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50
Q

What are some clinical signs of Cushings?

A

Moon facies
Easy brusing
Truncal obesity
HTN/Hyperglycemia
Wide striae >1 cm
Acne
Dorsal fat pad(buffalo hump)
Proximal muscle weakness,
Osteoporosis
Thin extremities

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51
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushings?

A

Iatrogenic

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52
Q

What is initial screening for Cushings?

A

24 hour urinary cortisol x 2
Buccal salivary swab cortisol thru the night x 2
1mg dexamethasone test

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53
Q

What is RQ?

A

Respiratory quotient = VCO2 eliminated/O2 consumed
It can determine which macronutrients are being metabolized by the body for energy

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54
Q

What is the RQ for fats?

A

0.7

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55
Q

What is the RQ for Carbs?

A

1.0

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56
Q

What is the RQ for protein?

A

0.8

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57
Q

What is RQ for mixed nutrients?

A

0.8

58
Q

What is the RQ for HiiT, sprinting?

A

1.0 - using carbs as fuel source

59
Q

What is RQ for endurance activities, low energy, inactivity?

A

0.7 - using fats as fuel source

60
Q

What are some causes of Excess Weight loss in RNYB?

A

1)Short channel and malabsorption esp if not following diet/exercise recommendations
2)Eating d/o
3)Cancer
4)SIBO
5)Stricture
6)Depression or other psych d/o

61
Q

What are symptoms of stricture after MBS?

A

Localized abd pain
Dysphagia
Food aversion

62
Q

What would you suspect in obese female with HA, positional diplopia and visual changes?

A

IIH - Pseudotumor cerebri

63
Q

What would definitively diagnosis IIH?

A

lumbar puncture displaying elevated opening pressure

64
Q

What are some features of pseudotumor cerebri(IIH)?

A

Visual changes
Diplopia when standing
HA
Obesity
Papilledema

65
Q

What is tx for IIH?

A

> 5-10% weight loss either thru LS or MBS
Low sodium diet
Can also use carbanic andhydrase inhibitors such as acetozolamide and topamax

Surgical intervention is reserved for intractable HA and deteriorating vision

66
Q

When is BMI used in children?

A

Age 2

67
Q

What is used to measure for obesity in children under 2?

A

Weight for length

68
Q

What is class 1 obesity in children?

A

> 95-120% of the 95 percentile

69
Q

What is class 2 obesity in children?What is associated BMI?

A

120-140% of 95 percentile
BMI 35-39

70
Q

What is class 3 obesity in children?

A

> 140% of 95 percentile
BMI >40

71
Q

What is considered overweight in children?

A

85-95th percentile of %BMI

72
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

3 of the 5
WC of 102 cm/40” in Men or 88 cm/35” Women
TGL >150
BP >130/85 or on medication
HDL <40 men, <50 women or on med
FBG >100 or on med for elevated glucose

73
Q

What are some inflammatory changes associated with Metsyn?

A

Decreased adiponectin - adipose dysfunction
Increased inflammatory cytokines
Increased levels of resistin

74
Q

What physiological changes are seen with Anorexia?

A

Decreased LH and FSH d/t central hypogonadism
Bradycardia
Low Mag, low potassium, metabolic alkalosis
Osteoporosis due to decreased osteoblast/osteoclast activity

75
Q

What is diagnostic criteria for Anorexia?

A

Restricted eating leading to weight loss
Fear of gaining weight
Body image distortion/lack of recognition of seriousness of weight loss

76
Q

What are the 2 types of Anorexia?

A

Restricted type
Binge eating/purging

77
Q

What BMI is associated with mild severity of Anorexia?

A

17-18.5

78
Q

What BMI is associated with moderate severity of Anorexia?

A

16-17

79
Q

What BMI is associated with severe severity of Anorexia?

A

15-16

80
Q

What BMI is associated with extreme severity of Anorexia?

A

<15

81
Q

What is early adiposity rebound?

A

It’s a phenomenon in childhood where The BMI reaches its lowest point and then begins to increase at an age earlier than expected Often before the age of five. It is considered a risk factor for development of obesity later in adolescence and adulthood. It is also associated with an increased likelihood of developing health risks such as cardiovascular disease diabetes and other obesity related conditions.

82
Q

Describe the typical pattern of bmi in children as they grow.

A

BMI rapidly increases in first year and then slows down and have a decline in bmi during the first few years of life reaching a minimum point known as the adiposity nadir. Then increases again at age 5-7 which is normal. But if increases before age 5 then EAR.

83
Q

What factors contribute to early adiposity rebound?

A

Genetic
Early Feeding
Dietary habits
physical activity levels
environmental

84
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes ataxia and nystagmus?

A

Thiamine

85
Q

What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness?

A

Vitamin A

86
Q

What vitamin deficiency is associated with Romberg sign?

A

B12

87
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes loss of proprioception and vibration?

A

B12

88
Q

When does thiamine deficiency happen after surgery?

A

Usually, days to weeks after surgery
Often presenting with ascending weakness like GB syndrome

89
Q

When does B12 deficiency occur after surgery?

A

Months to years after surgery

90
Q

When does copper deficiency occur after surgery?

A

Months to years after surgery

91
Q

How does copper deficiency present?

A

With a myelopathy with macrocytic anemia and neutropenia. Has spastic gait, ataxia, parathesias in stocking glove pattern

92
Q

If confabulation is seen after MBS, what vitamin deficiency is present?

A

Thiamine - Korsokoff

93
Q

If Dementia/memory change is seen after MBS, what vitamin deficiency is present?

A

Niacin/Folate(B9) or B12

94
Q

Do higher or lower levels of VO2 max indicate increased efficiency?

A

Higher

95
Q

What makes up efficiency of VO2 max?

A

Oxygen absorption(Lungs)
Oxygen distribution(Heart)
Oxygen utilization(muscles)
Pathology in any of these can decrease VO2 max

96
Q

What are units of VO2 max?

A

ml/kg/min

97
Q

What % decrease in VO2 max occurs as we age at 65yo?

A

30% decrease compared to age 20

98
Q

Does decreasing body fat increase or decrease VO2 max?

A

Increases

99
Q

Do males or females have higher VO2 max?

A

Males

100
Q

What is athletic VO2 max? Avg male/female?

A

90
45 and 35 respectively

101
Q

What increases VO2?

A

Hyperthermia
Shivering/excess movement
Exercise
Overfeeding(TEM)

102
Q

What decreases VO2?

A

Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism
Fasting/starvation
Paralysis

103
Q

What increases VCO2(and therefore RQ)?

A

Met Acidosis
Hyperventilation
Excess carb intake
Hypermetabolism

104
Q

What decreases VCO2 and RQ?

A

Met alkalosis
Hypoventilation
Starvation/ketosis
Hypometabolism

105
Q

What is Weir equation?

A

REE = VCO2 + VO2

106
Q

What LFT is most specific for MAFLD in adults and children?

A

ALT

107
Q

What are spectrum of MAFLD?

A

Hepatic steatosis
Hepatosteatits - fatty liver with inflammation
Metabolic steatohepatitis (MASH) is the present of >5% hepatic fat with inflammation, hepatocyte injury +/- cirrhosis

108
Q

What % of fat in liver is seen in MASH?

A

> 5%

109
Q

What drugs can reduce MASLD?

A

GLP1 and PPAR(thazolidinediones)

110
Q

What conditions underestimate the risks of a particular BMI?

A

Sarcopenia
Increased age
Asian(southeast)
Osteoporosis

111
Q

What conditions overestimate the risks of a particular BMI?

A

CHF
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis
Bodybuilders

112
Q

What meds cause folic acid deficiency?

A

Methotrexate
Bactrim
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Sulfasalazine

113
Q

What vitamin deficiency is seen with Beri Beri?

A

Thiamine

114
Q

What symptoms seen with Beri Beri?

A

Wet - CV
Dry - neurological

115
Q

What is seen with B2 deficiency?

A

Riboflavin - sore throat, chelitis, stomatitis, glossitis, itchy eyes

116
Q

What is seen with B3 deficiency?

A

Niacin - Pellagra(dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death)

117
Q

What is seen with B5 deficiency?

A

Panthotenic acid - Rare, parathesia, hypoglycemia, restlessness, apathy

118
Q

What is seen with B6 deficiency?

A

Microcytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy

119
Q

What is seen with B9 deficiency?

A

Folate - Macrocytic anemia without neurological findings, mouth ulcers, irritability, NTD in pregnancy

120
Q

What is seen with B12 deficiency?

A

Cyanocobalamin - Subacute combined degeneration, glossitis, neuro manifestations

121
Q

What factors falsely elevated cause elevated blood pressure when measuring?

A

Improper cuff size
Arm hanging unsupported
Legs crossed
Supine position

122
Q

How should you properly take a BP?

A

Back supported, legs uncrossed, BP supported at level of heart; Cuff bladder length should encircle 80-100% arm, no talking when taking measurement and on bare skin

123
Q

What conditions is NES associated with?

A

Depression/insomnia

124
Q

How many episodes of nocturnal eating per week meets criteria for NES?

A

2 per week

125
Q

What is difference between SRED and NES?

A

SRED is a sleep d/o not an eating d/o. Can be caused by meds - ambien, pts unaware of eating during the night
NES - pts aware and may eat after dinner, have morning anorexia, insomnia and nighttime hyperphagia, is an eating d/o

126
Q

What is lean body mass?

A

water, muscles, tendons, ligaments, bone, organs and essential fat

127
Q

How does lean body mass differ from fat free mass?

A

Lean body mass includes essential fat from bone marrow, internal organs and CNS.

128
Q

What percent of total body mass does lean body mass make up?

A

75%(40% muscle, 25%organs, 10%bone

129
Q

In who is lean body mass less in?

A

Females
Sedentary
Decreases as age increases

130
Q

What is higher lean body mass associated with?

A

Increased health

131
Q

What is increased fat mass associated with?

A

Increased health risks

132
Q

What do most DXA measure?

A

Fat, Soft tissue and bone

133
Q

What may more advanced DXA measure?

A

Fat, soft tissue, bone AND decipher type of fat so LBM

134
Q

FFM is often within what percentage of LBM?

A

5%

135
Q

If you see papilledema what is next step?

A

Brain imaging to assure no other causes then IIH

136
Q

What is correlation of BMI and mortality?

A

BMI btwn 25-35 reduces life expectancy by 2-4 years
BMI of 40-45 by 8-10 year(=smoking)

137
Q

What is correlation of BMI to heart failure?

A

Risk increases 2 fold if BMI >30

138
Q

What is correlation of BMI to Afib?

A

For every 1 unit increase in BMI, risk increases by 4%

139
Q

What is correlation of BMI to DM?

A

90 % DM have BMi over 25 years

140
Q

What is correlation of BMI to stroke?

A

For every 1 unit increase in BMI there is increase in ischemic stroke by 4% and hemorrhagic stroke by 6%

141
Q

What is correlation of BMI to sleep apnea?

A

BMI >30 their is 30% risk of OSA

142
Q
A

Obesity Boards (11 decks)

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