Review 8 Flashcards
Municipality
/mjuːˌnɪs.əˈpæl.ə.t̬i/
a city or town with its own local government, or the local government itself:
The municipality provides services such as water and rubbish collection.
Manhole
a covered opening in a road that a worker can enter in order to reach underground pipes, wires, or drains that need to be examined or repaired:
a manhole cover
Exert
/ɪɡˈzɜrt/
to use power or the ability to make something happen:
To cut costs, health-insurance plans are exerting tighter control over paying for medical care.
If you were to exert your influence they might change their decision.
Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid.
to cause yourself to make an effort:
She will have to exert herself a lot more if she wants to succeed in this business.
Physical exertion isn’t always a good thing in a hot climate.
Infest
/ɪnˈfest/
(of insects and some animals) to be present in large numbers, sometimes causing disease or damage:
When we first moved in, the apartment was infested with cockroaches.
The barn was infested with rats.
a flea infestation
an infestation of cockroaches/head lice
Blast off
(esp. of a spacecraft) to take off:
The space shuttle blasted off on schedule.
the moment when a spacecraft leaves the ground:
Five seconds to blast-off!
Dent
If you dent someone’s confidence or pride, you make them feel less confident or proud:
His confidence was badly dented when he didn’t get the job.
On edge
nervous and not relaxed:
Is something wrong? You seem a bit on edge this morning.
Arbitration
/ˌɑr·bɪˈtreɪ·ʃən/
the formal process of having an outside person, chosen by both sides to a disagreement, end the disagreement:
Both labor and management have agreed to arbitration.
Both sides in the dispute have agreed to go to arbitration (= to have the disagreement solved by an arbitrator).
Arbitrate
/ˈɑːr.bə.treɪt/
mediate
to make a judgment in an argument, usually because asked to do so by those involved:
I’ve been asked to arbitrate between the opposing sides.
An outside adviser has been brought in to arbitrate the dispute between the management and the union.
/ˈɑr·bɪˌtreɪ·t̬ər/ (also arbiter)
The independent arbitrator has the approval of both sides in the dispute.
Mediate
/ˈmid·iˌeɪt/
to help solve a disagreement by talking to the separate people or groups involved, or to communicate information between people:
[ T ] to mediate a dispute
Negotiators were called in to mediate between the two sides.
The two envoys have succeeded in mediating an end to the war.
Last-minute attempts at mediation failed, and the workers went on strike.
The governor appointed a mediator and asked both sides to return to the bargaining table.
Bedridden
having to stay in bed because of illness or injury:
His aunt was 93 and bedridden.
Vial
a small bottle used to hold a liquid:
The store gave away vials of their new perfume.
Palliative
/ˈpæl.i.ə.t̬ɪv/
medical specialized (of a drug or medical treatment) reducing pain without curing the cause of the pain:
Older people facing a terminal illness may want to choose palliative care over treatment.
The success of chemotherapy as a form of palliative treatment depends on the type of tumour.
formal making a problem seem less serious but not solving the problem or making it disappear:
Short-term, palliative measures were taken which gave the appearance that the problems were being addressed.
Some of the palliative strategies do not make sense.
Paramount
/ˈpær·əˌmɑʊnt/
more important than anything else:
Everybody agrees that education is the paramount issue.
There are many priorities, but reducing the budget deficit is paramount/is of paramount importance.
Harrowing
extremely upsetting because connected with suffering:
His book tells the harrowing story of how they climbed Mt. Everest.
For many women, the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in a rape case can be too much to bear.
Misogynist
/mɪˈsɑː.dʒən.ɪst/ (also misogynistic)
showing feelings of hating women or a belief that men are much better than women:
She left the Church because of its misogynist teachings on women and their position in society.
a misogynistic attitude/writer
a man who hates women or believes that men are much better than women
There’s a disturbing misogyny in his films.
Incarcerate
/ɪnˈkɑːr.sə.reɪt/
formal to put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison:
Thousands of dissidents have been interrogated or incarcerated.
to keep someone in a closed place and prevent them from leaving it:
We were incarcerated in that broken elevator for four hours.
Shell-shocked
extremely tired and nervous or frightened, especially after an unpleasant and unexpected event, or extremely surprised:
After the crash, the passengers were shell-shocked but there were no serious injuries.
They were shell-shocked by the news.
Trivialize
/ˈtrɪv·i·əˌlɑɪz/
to make something unusual seem ordinary or unimportant:
My boss tends to take good ideas and trivialize them.
I don’t want to trivialize the problem, but I do think there are more important matters to discuss.
Thrive
Prosper
to grow, develop, or be successful:
His business thrived in the years before the war.
She seems to thrive on stress.
Prosper
/ˈprɑː.spɚ/
(of a person or a business) to be or become successful, especially financially:
Lots of microchip manufacturing companies prospered at that time.
As the company prospered, we prospered.
a period of increasing prosperity
a prosperous business
Retinue
/ˈret·ənˌu/
Entourage
a group of people who help and who travel with an important person:
He jets around the country with a retinue of aides and attorneys.
The president travels with a large retinue of aides and bodyguards.
Entourage
/ˌɑn·tʊˈrɑʒ/
the group of people who travel with and work for an important or famous person:
Her usual entourage includes musicians, backup singers, and technicians.
Squander
Waste
/ˈskwɑːn.dɚ/
C2 to waste money or supplies, or to waste opportunities by not using them to your advantage:
They’ll quite happily squander a whole year’s savings on two weeks in the sun.
Ireland squandered several chances, including a penalty that cost them the game.
Government should not squander the taxpayers’ money.
Don’t squander your opportunities when you are young.
Ecstasy
/ˈek·stə·si/
a state of extreme happiness or pleasure:
We shared a moment of ecstasy as the chocolate melted on our tongues.
She threw her head back as if in ecstasy.
Rapture
[ U ] extreme pleasure and happiness or excitement:
He listened to the music with an expression of pure rapture on his face.
The prime minister’s supporters greeted her speech with rapture.
raptures [ plural ]
an expression of extreme pleasure and happiness or excitement:
She went into raptures at the news of her success.
She was in raptures about/over her first visit to Paris.
Strikingly
/ˈstraɪ.kɪŋ.li/
in a way that is very unusual or easily noticed, and therefore attracts a lot of attention:
Her latest novel is strikingly different from her earlier work.
They gave a strikingly original performance of the play.
Her husband is strikingly handsome.
Dovetail
/ˈdʌv.teɪl/
to cause something to fit exactly together:
Their results dovetail nicely with ours.
We tried to dovetail our plans with theirs.
Exhaustive
Thorough
/ɪɡˈzɑː.stɪv/
C1 complete and including everything:
an exhaustive study/report
The survey was exhaustively documented.
Caveat
Proviso
a statement that limits a more general statement:
Behind every set of statistics there’s always a caveat.
Proviso
/prəˈvaɪ.zoʊ/ plural provisos
a statement in an agreement, saying that a particular thing must happen before another can:
[ + that ] He was released from prison with/on the proviso that he doesn’t leave the country.
You can buy back or sell the shares at any point - the only proviso is that any loss or money owed is within your account limit.
with/on the proviso that The firm will pay only half the fine on the proviso that it does not breach regulations again.
At best
even if the best possible result happens:
If he drops the course now, at best he’ll get an incomplete, and he could fail.
-laden
used in adjectives to show that something has or is carrying a lot of something:
debt-laden banks
They were accused of driving waste-laden trucks with no cover over them.
Others can eat salt-laden meals and their blood pressure will hardly budge.
Haemorrhoids
/ˈhem.ɚ.ɔɪdz/
ริดสีดวงทวาร
a medical condition in which the veins at the anus become swollen and painful and sometimes bleed
Synonym
piles
Bulge
/bʌldʒ/
a curved shape sticking out from the surface of something:
I wondered what the bulge in her coat pocket was.
Her bags were bulging with shopping.
a sudden increase that soon returns to the usual level:
There was a bulge in spending in the early part of the year.
She dragged her bulging (= very full) suitcase up the stairs.
big, bulging (= sticking out) eyes
Offset
to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference as a result:
The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.
uk He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can offset against tax (= can show to the government as being a business cost, and so not pay tax).
Placard
a large piece of card, paper, etc. with a message written or printed on it, often carried in public places by people who are complaining about something:
Demonstrators marched past holding/waving placards that said “Send food, not missiles!”
Reverberate
/rɪˈvɜr·bəˌreɪt/
(of sound) to continue to be heard; to echo repeatedly:
The loud music reverberated off the walls.
The narrow street reverberated with/to the sound of the workmen’s drills.
[ I + adv/prep ] If an event or idea reverberates somewhere, it has an effect on everyone or everything in a place or group:
News of the disaster reverberated around the organization.
The surge in US share prices reverberated across the globe.
Behemoth
/bɪˈhiː.mɑːθ/
something that is extremely large and often extremely powerful:
a grocery chain behemoth
The motivation was to create a $70 billion behemoth out of two embattled phone-equipment companies, so together they could survive.
a corporate/financial/industrial behemoth
Upend
/ʌpˈend/
to push or move something so that the part that usually touches the ground is not touching the ground any more:
She upended the chessboard halfway through the game because she was losing.
Flagrant
/ˈfleɪ.ɡrənt/
egregious Glaring
(of a bad action, situation, person, etc.) shocking because of being so obvious:
a flagrant misuse of funds/privilege
a flagrant breach of trust
a flagrant disregard for the law
He flagrantly broke the law.
Egregious
/ɪˈɡriː.dʒəs/
flagrant glaring
extremely bad in a way that is very noticeable:
It was an egregious error for a statesman to show such ignorance.
A glaring injustice
Espionage
the activity of secretly collecting and reporting information, especially secret political, military, business, or industrial information:
engage in/conduct/commit espionage Three people were also accused of engaging in espionage against a rival firm.
corporate/industrial/economic espionage
Repatriate
/ˌriːˈpeɪ.tri.eɪt/
to send or bring someone, or sometimes money or other property, back to the country that he, she, or it came from:
The government repatriated him because he had no visa.
Repatriation of refugees is essential to rebuilding the country.
Full-brown
/ˈfʊlˈbloʊn/
in its most developed or advanced form:
Aspirin reduces your chances of having a full-blown stroke.
Excruciating
/ɪkˈskruː.ʃi.eɪ.t̬ɪŋ/ extremely painful: an excruciating pain in the lower back extremely boring or embarrassing: excruciating boredom His confession, when it came, was excruciating.
Coincide
/ˌkoʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd/
C2 to happen at or near the same time:
I timed my holiday to coincide with the children’s.
If the heavy rain had coincided with an extreme high tide, serious flooding would have resulted.
C2 to be the same or similar:
Our views coincide on a range of subjects.
If our schedules coincide, we’ll go to Spain together.
Jump ship
jump ship informal
to leave a company or organization in order to work for another, especially in order to get a higher salary or better working conditions:
Loyalty bonuses were paid to staff so they wouldn’t jump ship.
Jump on the bandwagon
jump on the bandwagon
to become involved in an activity that a lot of others are already involved in because it is successful:
More and more companies have jumped on the broadband discount bandwagon.
Bombshell
/ˈbɑmˌʃel/
a shocking piece of news:
He dropped a bombshell when he announced he would resign.
Severity
seriousness:
Even the doctors were shocked by the severity of his injuries.
I don’t think you quite understand the severity of our financial problems.
the quality of being very unkind or unpleasant:
He spoke with great severity.
The severity of the punishment should match the seriousness of the crime.
Demonize
/ˈdiː.mə.naɪz/
to try to make someone or a group of people seem as if they are evil:
The Nazis used racist propaganda in an attempt to demonize the Jews.
The mayor demonizes anyone who disagrees with him.
Communicable
/kəˈmjuː.nə.kə.bəl/
contiguous
able to be given from one person to another:
In this period, there were 974 outbreaks of communicable disease attributed to the consumption of raw milk.
communicable ideas/emotions
Excise
/ˈek.saɪz/
a tax made by a government on some types of goods produced and used within their own country:
The excise (duty) on beer was increased under the last government.
to remove something, especially by cutting:
During a three-hour operation six tumours were excised from the wall of the patient’s stomach.
The official censors have excised the controversial sections of the report.
Jaded
Adj
/ˈdʒeɪ.dɪd/
not having interest or losing interest because you have experienced something too many times:
Flying is exciting the first time you do it, but you soon become jaded.
Perhaps some caviar can tempt your jaded palate.
Tactful
/tækt.fəl/
discreet
C2 careful not to say or do anything that could upset someone:
Mentioning his baldness wasn’t very tactful.
The family made discreet enquiries about his background.
They are very good assistants, very discreet - they wouldn’t go talking to the press.
Circumspect
careful not to take risks:
Officials were circumspect about saying what the talks had achieved.
This is a very sensitive case requiring extreme circumspection.
Curtail
to reduce or limit something:
to curtail your holiday/spending
With all the snow, our daily walks have been severely curtailed.
The Federal Reserve raised interest rates slightly to curtail inflation.
The last government severely curtailed trade union rights.
They will not willingly accept any curtailment of their civil liberties.
Abscond
to go away suddenly and secretly in order to escape from somewhere:
Two prisoners absconded last night.
She absconded from boarding school with her boyfriend.
They absconded with £10,000 of the company’s money.
Crotchety
/ˈkrɑː.tʃə.t̬i/
informal
cantankerous
often in a bad mood and easily annoyed:
By the time the meal began, the youngest children were getting tired and crotchety.
After ten hours in the car, we were all getting crotchety.
Cantankerous
/ˌkænˈtæŋ.kɚ.əs/
crotchety ornery
arguing and complaining a lot:
He’s getting a bit cantankerous in his old age.
By dinner, we were all tired and cantankerous.
Ornery
/ˈɔːr.nɚ.i/
likely to get angry and argue with people:
He had been in an ornery mood all day, arguing with everyone who got in his way.
He’s ornery and opinionated, but he doesn’t lie.
Opinionated
/əˈpɪn.jə.neɪ.t̬ɪd/
An opinionated person is certain about their beliefs, and expresses their ideas strongly and often:
He was opinionated and selfish, but undeniably clever.
She’s seven years old and she’s already pretty opinionated.
Connotation
a feeling or idea that is suggested by a word in addition to its basic meaning, or something suggested by an object or situation:
“Resolute” means stubborn, but with a more positive connotation.
Connote
/kəˈnoʊt/
If a word, object, or situation connotes something, it makes you think of a feeling or an idea that is more than its basic meaning:
To me, chocolate connotes pleasure and indulgence.
The number 8 connotes prosperity in Chinese.
Exonerate
/ɪɡˈzɑː.nɚ.eɪt/
exculpate
to show or state that someone or something is not guilty of something:
The report exonerated the crew from all responsibility for the collision.
We have proof which will completely exonerate him.
exonerate sb from sth I do not wholly exonerate her from blame.
The pilot of the aircraft will surely be exculpated when all the facts are known.
Contrarian
/kənˈtrer.i.ən/
someone such as a writer or politician who likes to disagree with other people and express opinions that are unpopular:
He is a contrarian who frequently writes controversial opinion pieces.
Among academics in the field, she takes a contrarian view.
Layperson
someone who is not an expert in or does not have a detailed knowledge of a particular subject:
Any layperson can sit down at this console and begin doing productive work in minutes.
To the layman these rules may seem unnecessarily complex.
Can you explain in layman’s terms exactly what your job involves?
Malign
/məˈlaɪn/
causing or intending to cause harm or evil:
Foreign domination had a malign influence on local politics.
She describes pornography as “a malign industry”.
Confer
to talk together and exchange ideas, often with the intention of reaching a decision about something:
I need to confer with my lawyer.
to give an honor, official title, or ability to someone:
The US Constitution confers certain powers on the president.
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Columbia University.
Kidney stone
นิ่วในไต
a solid mass of hard material that can form in the kidney and cause pain
Satiety
/səˈtaɪə.t̬i/
the state of being completely satisfied, especially with food or pleasure, so that you could not have any more
eating beyond the point of satiety
Definitive
/dɪˈfɪn·ət̬·ɪv/
firm, final, and complete; not to be questioned or changed:
There is no definitive scientific evidence that coffee is harmful.
not able to be changed or improved:
a definitive judgment/ruling
There are no definitive answers/solutions to this problem.
The police have no definitive proof of her guilt.
considered to be the best of its type:
He’s written the definitive guide to Thailand.
Lament
/ləˈment/
to express sadness and regret about something:
He lamented his students’ lack of interest in the classics.
Baker’s lament was that his schedule kept him away from his family too often.
Incur
to experience something bad as a result of actions you have taken:
We incurred heavy expenses to repair the poor work done by the builder.
to incur debts/fines/bills
The play has incurred the wrath/anger of both audiences and critics.
Please detail any costs/expenses incurred by you in attending the interview.
Bolster
/ˈboʊl.stɚ/
to support or improve something or make it stronger:
More money is needed to bolster the industry.
She tried to bolster my confidence/morale (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent.
They need to do something to bolster their image.
Earnest
/ˈɜr·nəst/
sincere and serious:
She made an earnest attempt to convert me to her point of view.
in earnest
I thought he was joking - I didn’t realize he was in earnest.
If something is done in earnest, it is done seriously:
Work on the building began, in earnest, in late spring.
These fanatics are in deadly earnest when they say they want to destroy all forms of government.
Invert
/ɪnˈvɝːt/
to turn something upside down or change the order of two things:
In some languages, the word order in questions is inverted (= the verb comes before the subject of the sentence).
Invert the cake onto a wire rack and let it cool.
Cover the bowl with an inverted plate.
The building is shaped like an inverted pyramid.
Credential
/krɪˈden.ʃəl/
credentials [ plural ]
the abilities and experience that make someone suitable for a particular job or activity, or proof of someone’s abilities and experience:
All the candidates had excellent academic credentials.
She was asked to show her press credentials.
Repository
a place where things are stored:
a nuclear waste repository
fig. The proverbs amounted to a repository of wisdom.
She’s a repository of knowledge about our family history.
