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Physiology Exam 5 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What rxn occurs during fertilization?

A

Acrosomal rxn - sperm w. hyauronidase -> channel through zona pellucida

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2
Q

What is duration of menstrual cycle?

A

28 days
day 1= 1st day of menstruation
day 14 = ovulation (walls rupture)

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3
Q

During ovulation what extrudes 2’ oocyte into uterine tube?

A

Grafiaan follicle

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4
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

LH surge and some FSH

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5
Q

What increases in menopause?

A

LH and FSH

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6
Q

What prevents autoimmune destruction of sperm?

A

Blood-testes barrier in sertoli cells

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7
Q

Emission and ejaculation are PNS or SNS?

A

SNS

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8
Q

Fx of leydig cells?

A

Endocrine - release testosterone/androgens

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9
Q

Primary effects of LH and FSH on gonads?

A

1) Spermatogenesis/Oogenesis
2) Stimulate gonadal hormone secretion
3) Maintenance of gonadal structure

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10
Q

Precursor for steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

What happens to levels of sex steroids at puberty?

A

Increased stimulation from gonadotropic hormones -> increase in sex hormones

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12
Q

2 derivatives of testosterone?

A

1) Estradiol by aromatase

2) 5-alpha-DHT by 5-alpha-reductase

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13
Q

What is required for neg. feedback effects on testosterone on LH?

A

Aromatase rxn testosterone -> estradiol -> anterior pituitary

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14
Q

What do ovaries contain that enclose ova?

A

Large # of follicles

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15
Q

Turnover rate for carbs?

A

250 g/ day

only need 150 g/day

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16
Q

Glucose returns to normal after?

A

2 hrs

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17
Q

% type 1 vs type 2 DM?

A

1-10

2-90

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18
Q

Beta cells in type 1 vs 2?

A

1-destroyed

2-not

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19
Q

Insulin secretion in type 1 vs 2?

A

1-none

2-increased (decreased sensitivity to insulin develops slowly)

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20
Q

Diabetes associated with ketoacidosis?

A

1

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21
Q

Treatment of diabetes type 1 vs 2?

A

1- insulin

2- diet/exercise/oral hypoglycemic (exercise increases amount of GLUT4)

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22
Q

Active form of thyroxine?

23
Q

Turnover rate for protein?

A

150 g/day

Only need 35 g/day

24
Q

Turnover rate for fats?

25
Who does reactive hypoglycemia happen to?
type 2 diabetes
26
What hormone signals hypothalamus to indicate level of fat storage and involved in long-term reg of eating?
Leptin - Obese have decreased sensitivity to it - Inhibits neuropeptide y
27
What hormone functions as a NT within hypothalamus and is potent stimulator of appetite?
Neuropeptide Y
28
What hormone acts to reduce sensitivity of cells to insulin and increased in obesity?
TNF-alpha
29
Is GH anabolic or catabolic?
Both | -Pulsatile release during sleep
30
What is secreted by stomach between meals to stimulate hunger?
Ghrelin
31
What hormones inhibit gastric activity?
Somatostatin CCK GLP-1
32
What is absorbed in ileum?
Bile salts Vitamin B12 Electrolytes H2O
33
How do parietal cells produce HCl?
ATPase (primary active transp)
34
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCl | Intrinsic factor
35
Conjugated bilirubin is converted by bacteria in intestine to?
Urobilinogen
36
Steroid and xenobiotic receptors stimulate?
Production of cytoP450 -> detoxification
37
Endocrine secretions?
``` CCK Gastrin Secretin GIP GLP-1 Guanylin VIP Somatostatin ```
38
Thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for folds that increase SA for absorption?
Muscularis mucosa
39
Free bilirubin + glucoronic acid forms?
Conjugated bilirubin (bilirubin glucoronide)
40
Exocrine secretions?
``` Histamine HCl H2O HCO3- Bile Lipase Pepsin Amylase Trypsin Elastase ```
41
Where are albumin/most plasma globulins produced?
Liver | NOT IMMUNOGLOBINS
42
What does secretion of K+ depend on?
Aldosterone and Na+ | NO ALDOSTERONE -> NO K EXCRETED
43
% Na/Cl/H2O and K reabsorbed?
65 | 90
44
Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Region in each nephron where afferent arteriole comes in contact w/ thick ascending limb LH
45
What happens in presence of ADH?
ADH binds to CD receptors -> acts via cAMP -> inserts aquaporin receptors -> decrease urine volume
46
What initiates RAAS?
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin -> angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I
47
Renal clearance for urea?
75 ml/min | filtered, 40-60% reabsorbed
48
GFR?
90-120 (115 in women; 124 in men)
49
What do loop diuretics do?
Inhibit NaCl transport out of ascending limp | -Furosemide
50
What is permeable to urea?
Ascending limb + Terminal CD
51
Fx of CD?
H2O reabsorption influenced by ADH | Secretion
52
2 mechanisms to regulate GFR?
SNS | Autoregulation
53
How does severe acidosis affect K+/H+ secretion?
Increases secretion of H+ and reduces secretion of K+ into filtrate -H+ excreted, HCO3- reabsorbed
54
Deepest region of medulla concentration?
1400 mOsm/L | Enters at 300

Physiology Exam 5 (5 decks)

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