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Physiology Exam 5 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What rxn occurs during fertilization?

A

Acrosomal rxn - sperm w. hyauronidase -> channel through zona pellucida

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2
Q

What is duration of menstrual cycle?

A

28 days
day 1= 1st day of menstruation
day 14 = ovulation (walls rupture)

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3
Q

During ovulation what extrudes 2’ oocyte into uterine tube?

A

Grafiaan follicle

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4
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

LH surge and some FSH

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5
Q

What increases in menopause?

A

LH and FSH

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6
Q

What prevents autoimmune destruction of sperm?

A

Blood-testes barrier in sertoli cells

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7
Q

Emission and ejaculation are PNS or SNS?

A

SNS

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8
Q

Fx of leydig cells?

A

Endocrine - release testosterone/androgens

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9
Q

Primary effects of LH and FSH on gonads?

A

1) Spermatogenesis/Oogenesis
2) Stimulate gonadal hormone secretion
3) Maintenance of gonadal structure

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10
Q

Precursor for steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

What happens to levels of sex steroids at puberty?

A

Increased stimulation from gonadotropic hormones -> increase in sex hormones

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12
Q

2 derivatives of testosterone?

A

1) Estradiol by aromatase

2) 5-alpha-DHT by 5-alpha-reductase

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13
Q

What is required for neg. feedback effects on testosterone on LH?

A

Aromatase rxn testosterone -> estradiol -> anterior pituitary

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14
Q

What do ovaries contain that enclose ova?

A

Large # of follicles

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15
Q

Turnover rate for carbs?

A

250 g/ day

only need 150 g/day

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16
Q

Glucose returns to normal after?

A

2 hrs

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17
Q

% type 1 vs type 2 DM?

A

1-10

2-90

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18
Q

Beta cells in type 1 vs 2?

A

1-destroyed

2-not

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19
Q

Insulin secretion in type 1 vs 2?

A

1-none

2-increased (decreased sensitivity to insulin develops slowly)

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20
Q

Diabetes associated with ketoacidosis?

A

1

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21
Q

Treatment of diabetes type 1 vs 2?

A

1- insulin

2- diet/exercise/oral hypoglycemic (exercise increases amount of GLUT4)

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22
Q

Active form of thyroxine?

A

T3

23
Q

Turnover rate for protein?

A

150 g/day

Only need 35 g/day

24
Q

Turnover rate for fats?

A

100 g/day

25
Q

Who does reactive hypoglycemia happen to?

A

type 2 diabetes

26
Q

What hormone signals hypothalamus to indicate level of fat storage and involved in long-term reg of eating?

A

Leptin

  • Obese have decreased sensitivity to it
  • Inhibits neuropeptide y
27
Q

What hormone functions as a NT within hypothalamus and is potent stimulator of appetite?

A

Neuropeptide Y

28
Q

What hormone acts to reduce sensitivity of cells to insulin and increased in obesity?

A

TNF-alpha

29
Q

Is GH anabolic or catabolic?

A

Both

-Pulsatile release during sleep

30
Q

What is secreted by stomach between meals to stimulate hunger?

A

Ghrelin

31
Q

What hormones inhibit gastric activity?

A

Somatostatin
CCK
GLP-1

32
Q

What is absorbed in ileum?

A

Bile salts
Vitamin B12
Electrolytes
H2O

33
Q

How do parietal cells produce HCl?

A

ATPase (primary active transp)

34
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

Intrinsic factor

35
Q

Conjugated bilirubin is converted by bacteria in intestine to?

A

Urobilinogen

36
Q

Steroid and xenobiotic receptors stimulate?

A

Production of cytoP450 -> detoxification

37
Q

Endocrine secretions?

A 
CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
GIP
GLP-1
Guanylin
VIP
Somatostatin
38
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle responsible for folds that increase SA for absorption?

A

Muscularis mucosa

39
Q

Free bilirubin + glucoronic acid forms?

A

Conjugated bilirubin (bilirubin glucoronide)

40
Q

Exocrine secretions?

A 
Histamine
HCl
H2O
HCO3-
Bile
Lipase
Pepsin
Amylase
Trypsin
Elastase
41
Q

Where are albumin/most plasma globulins produced?

A

Liver

NOT IMMUNOGLOBINS

42
Q

What does secretion of K+ depend on?

A

Aldosterone and Na+

NO ALDOSTERONE -> NO K EXCRETED

43
Q

% Na/Cl/H2O and K reabsorbed?

A

65

90

44
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Region in each nephron where afferent arteriole comes in contact w/ thick ascending limb LH

45
Q

What happens in presence of ADH?

A

ADH binds to CD receptors -> acts via cAMP -> inserts aquaporin receptors -> decrease urine volume

46
Q

What initiates RAAS?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin -> angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I

47
Q

Renal clearance for urea?

A

75 ml/min

filtered, 40-60% reabsorbed

48
Q

GFR?

A

90-120 (115 in women; 124 in men)

49
Q

What do loop diuretics do?

A

Inhibit NaCl transport out of ascending limp

-Furosemide

50
Q

What is permeable to urea?

A

Ascending limb + Terminal CD

51
Q

Fx of CD?

A

H2O reabsorption influenced by ADH

Secretion

52
Q

2 mechanisms to regulate GFR?

A

SNS

Autoregulation

53
Q

How does severe acidosis affect K+/H+ secretion?

A

Increases secretion of H+ and reduces secretion of K+ into filtrate
-H+ excreted, HCO3- reabsorbed

54
Q

Deepest region of medulla concentration?

A

1400 mOsm/L

Enters at 300

Physiology Exam 5 (5 decks)

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