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Physiology Exam 5 > Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the turnover rate for carbs?

A

250 g/day*****

only need 150 g/day*******

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2
Q

What is the turnover rate for protein?

A

150 g/day*******

only need 35 g/day*****

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3
Q

What is the turnover rate for fats?

A

100 g/day******

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4
Q

What are 2 classes of vitamins?

A

1) Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K (k needed for clotting**)

2) Water-soluble: Bs, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, C

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5
Q

When is a free radical produced?

A

When an orbital has an unpaired e-

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6
Q

What are the major free radicals?

A

ROS******/RNS

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7
Q

What are the fx of free radicals?

A
  • Help destroy bacteria

- Vasodilation

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8
Q

What has a protective mechanism against oxidative stress of ROS?

A

Antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C/E)

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9
Q

What is the result of excessive ROS?

A
  • Cell death
  • Diseases
  • Aging
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10
Q

What is the result of inadequate ROS?

A
  • Impaired immune fx
  • Impaired cell prolif.
  • Other impaired responses
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11
Q

What hormone signals the hypothalamus to indicate the level of fat storage and is involved in long-term reg. of eating?

A

Leptin***********

  • Obese have decreased sensitivity to it
  • Inhibits neuropeptide Y*********
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12
Q

What hormone functions as a NT within the hypothalamus and is a potent stimulator of appetite?

A

Neuropeptide Y****

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13
Q

What hormone acts to reduce the sensitivity of cells to insulin and is increased in obesity?

A

TNF-alpha*******

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14
Q

What is secreted by stomach between meals to stimulate hunger?

A

Ghrelin******

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15
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

[w (in kg)]/[h^2 (in m)]

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16
Q

What is a healthy BMI? Overweight?

A

19-25; >30

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17
Q

What 3 cells do the islets of langerhans have? What do they do?

A

1) alpha -> glucagon
2) beta -> insulin
3) delta -> somatostatin

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18
Q

What is insulin/glucagon mainly regulated by?

A

Blood [glucose]

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19
Q

What has a lesser effect on insulin/glucagon?

A

Blood [amino acid]

-neg. feedback

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20
Q

How does glucose enter the brain?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

What stimulates release of insulin?

A

Blood [glucose] increases -> glucose binds to GLUT2 in beta cells -> insulin released

22
Q

What does insulin do to promote anabolism*****?

A

Stimulates skeletal muscles cells and adipocytes to incorporate GLUT4

23
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test showed that normal person’s blood [glucose] reversed to normal after how long?

A

2 hrs******

24
Q

What is the major hormone that promotes anabolism in the body?

A

Insulin

25
Q

What happens in the absorptive state?

A

Blood [insulin] increases:

  • Cellular uptake of glucose
  • Glycogen storage in liver/muscles
  • Triglyceride storage in adipose cells
  • Cellular uptake of AAs and synthesis of proteins
26
Q

What happens in postabsorptive state?

A

Blood [glucagon] increases:

  • Glycogenolysis in liver (G6P)
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidneys use FAs as major fuel
  • Lipolysis/ketogenesis (HSL)
27
Q

What % people have diabetes type 1 vs 2?

A

1-10% (obesity rare)

2-90% (obesity very common)*********

28
Q

Diff between beta cells in diabetes 1 vs 2?

A

1-Destroyed
2-Not destroyed
*****

29
Q

Insulin secretion in diabetes 1 vs 2?

A

1-Decreased

2-Normal/increased (decreased sensitivity to insulin slowly develops*******)

30
Q

Which diabetes is associated with ketoacidosis

A

1-very common
2-rare
******

31
Q

Treatment of diabetes type 1 vs 2?

A

1-Insulin injections

2-Diet/exercise/oral stimulators of insulin sensitivity (exercise increases amount of GLUT4****)

32
Q

What is reactive hypoglycemia and who does it occur in?

A

Over secretion of insulin due to rise in blood [glucose]; type 2 diabetes******

33
Q

What is the active form of thyroxine?

A

T3*******

34
Q

What does T3 do?

A
  • Increases metabolic heat/rate
  • Makes uncoupling proteins -> cellular respiration
  • Lowers cellular [ATP] -> activate transport Na+/K+ pumps
  • Proper growth/development of CNS in children
35
Q

What stimulates bone deposition?

A

Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix of collagen proteins -> hydroxyapatite crystals

36
Q

What stimulates bone resorption?

A

Osteoclasts secrete enzymes to dissolve hydroxyapatite

37
Q

What is the most important hormone in control of blood [Ca2+]?

A

PTH

38
Q

What is PTH stimulated by and what does it stimulate?

A

When blood [Ca2+] is low:

  • osteoclasts to reabsorb bone
  • kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ and inhibit reabsorption of PO43-
  • formation of 1,25 vit D3
39
Q

What works with PTH and 1,25 vit D3 to regulate blood [Ca2+]?

A

Calcitonin

40
Q

What is calcitonin stimulated by and what does it do?

A

Increased plasma [Ca2+]:

  • Inhibits osteoclasts
  • Stimulates urinary excretion of Ca2+ and PO43- by inhibiting reabsorption
41
Q

Where is pre-vitamin D3 synthesized?

A

In skin when exposed to mid-UV waves

42
Q

What is pre-vitamin D3 isomerized to?

A

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

43
Q

What is cholecalciferol hydroxylated in liver to form?

A

25 hydroxycholecalciferol

44
Q

What is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydoxylated to in the PCT (kidney)?

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active vitamin D3)

-Stimulated by PTH

45
Q

What does active vitamin D3 directly stimulate?

A

Low plasma [Ca2+] -> Intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and PO43- -> increases plasma [Ca2+] -> neg. feedback

46
Q

Are sex steroids anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

47
Q

Is thyroxine anabolic or catabolic?

A

Both

48
Q

Are glucocorticoids anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic

49
Q

Is growth hormone anabolic or catabolic?

A

Both

  • stimulates growth
  • stimulated by GHRH, low glucose, increased AA
  • PULSATILE RELEASE DURING SLEEP***
50
Q

What does excess GH in children cause? Adults?

A

Gigantism; acromegaly

51
Q

A person w/ hyperthyroidism would be expected to have what kind of BMR?

A

Abnormally high

-BMR strongly influenced by thyroid hormone

52
Q

The increase in adipose cell number that occurs after birth is partly due to the development of adipocytes from preadipocytes that requires the action of a recently discovered nuclear receptor protein in adipocytes called?

A

PPAR-gamma

Physiology Exam 5 (5 decks)

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