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Physiology Exam 5 > Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the turnover rate for carbs?

A

250 g/day*****

only need 150 g/day*******

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2
Q

What is the turnover rate for protein?

A

150 g/day*******

only need 35 g/day*****

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3
Q

What is the turnover rate for fats?

A

100 g/day******

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4
Q

What are 2 classes of vitamins?

A

1) Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K (k needed for clotting**)

2) Water-soluble: Bs, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, C

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5
Q

When is a free radical produced?

A

When an orbital has an unpaired e-

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6
Q

What are the major free radicals?

A

ROS******/RNS

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7
Q

What are the fx of free radicals?

A
  • Help destroy bacteria

- Vasodilation

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8
Q

What has a protective mechanism against oxidative stress of ROS?

A

Antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C/E)

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9
Q

What is the result of excessive ROS?

A
  • Cell death
  • Diseases
  • Aging
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10
Q

What is the result of inadequate ROS?

A
  • Impaired immune fx
  • Impaired cell prolif.
  • Other impaired responses
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11
Q

What hormone signals the hypothalamus to indicate the level of fat storage and is involved in long-term reg. of eating?

A

Leptin***********

  • Obese have decreased sensitivity to it
  • Inhibits neuropeptide Y*********
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12
Q

What hormone functions as a NT within the hypothalamus and is a potent stimulator of appetite?

A

Neuropeptide Y****

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13
Q

What hormone acts to reduce the sensitivity of cells to insulin and is increased in obesity?

A

TNF-alpha*******

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14
Q

What is secreted by stomach between meals to stimulate hunger?

A

Ghrelin******

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15
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

[w (in kg)]/[h^2 (in m)]

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16
Q

What is a healthy BMI? Overweight?

A

19-25; >30

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17
Q

What 3 cells do the islets of langerhans have? What do they do?

A

1) alpha -> glucagon
2) beta -> insulin
3) delta -> somatostatin

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18
Q

What is insulin/glucagon mainly regulated by?

A

Blood [glucose]

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19
Q

What has a lesser effect on insulin/glucagon?

A

Blood [amino acid]

-neg. feedback

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20
Q

How does glucose enter the brain?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

What stimulates release of insulin?

A

Blood [glucose] increases -> glucose binds to GLUT2 in beta cells -> insulin released

22
Q

What does insulin do to promote anabolism*****?

A

Stimulates skeletal muscles cells and adipocytes to incorporate GLUT4

23
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test showed that normal person’s blood [glucose] reversed to normal after how long?

A

2 hrs******

24
Q

What is the major hormone that promotes anabolism in the body?

25
What happens in the absorptive state?
Blood [insulin] increases: - Cellular uptake of glucose - Glycogen storage in liver/muscles - Triglyceride storage in adipose cells - Cellular uptake of AAs and synthesis of proteins
26
What happens in postabsorptive state?
Blood [glucagon] increases: - Glycogenolysis in liver (G6P) - Gluconeogenesis - Skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidneys use FAs as major fuel - Lipolysis/ketogenesis (HSL)
27
What % people have diabetes type 1 vs 2?
1-10% (obesity rare) | 2-90% (obesity very common)*******************
28
Diff between beta cells in diabetes 1 vs 2?
1-Destroyed 2-Not destroyed *********************
29
Insulin secretion in diabetes 1 vs 2?
1-Decreased | 2-Normal/increased (decreased sensitivity to insulin slowly develops***************)
30
Which diabetes is associated with ketoacidosis
1-very common 2-rare **********************
31
Treatment of diabetes type 1 vs 2?
1-Insulin injections | 2-Diet/exercise/oral stimulators of insulin sensitivity (exercise increases amount of GLUT4******************)
32
What is reactive hypoglycemia and who does it occur in?
Over secretion of insulin due to rise in blood [glucose]; type 2 diabetes************************
33
What is the active form of thyroxine?
T3***************************
34
What does T3 do?
- Increases metabolic heat/rate - Makes uncoupling proteins -> cellular respiration - Lowers cellular [ATP] -> activate transport Na+/K+ pumps - Proper growth/development of CNS in children
35
What stimulates bone deposition?
Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix of collagen proteins -> hydroxyapatite crystals
36
What stimulates bone resorption?
Osteoclasts secrete enzymes to dissolve hydroxyapatite
37
What is the most important hormone in control of blood [Ca2+]?
PTH
38
What is PTH stimulated by and what does it stimulate?
When blood [Ca2+] is low: - osteoclasts to reabsorb bone - kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ and inhibit reabsorption of PO43- - formation of 1,25 vit D3
39
What works with PTH and 1,25 vit D3 to regulate blood [Ca2+]?
Calcitonin
40
What is calcitonin stimulated by and what does it do?
Increased plasma [Ca2+]: - Inhibits osteoclasts - Stimulates urinary excretion of Ca2+ and PO43- by inhibiting reabsorption
41
Where is pre-vitamin D3 synthesized?
In skin when exposed to mid-UV waves
42
What is pre-vitamin D3 isomerized to?
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
43
What is cholecalciferol hydroxylated in liver to form?
25 hydroxycholecalciferol
44
What is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydoxylated to in the PCT (kidney)?
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active vitamin D3) | -Stimulated by PTH
45
What does active vitamin D3 directly stimulate?
Low plasma [Ca2+] -> Intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and PO43- -> increases plasma [Ca2+] -> neg. feedback
46
Are sex steroids anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
47
Is thyroxine anabolic or catabolic?
Both
48
Are glucocorticoids anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
49
Is growth hormone anabolic or catabolic?
Both - stimulates growth - stimulated by GHRH, low glucose, increased AA - PULSATILE RELEASE DURING SLEEP***********
50
What does excess GH in children cause? Adults?
Gigantism; acromegaly
51
A person w/ hyperthyroidism would be expected to have what kind of BMR?
Abnormally high | -BMR strongly influenced by thyroid hormone
52
The increase in adipose cell number that occurs after birth is partly due to the development of adipocytes from preadipocytes that requires the action of a recently discovered nuclear receptor protein in adipocytes called?
PPAR-gamma

Physiology Exam 5 (5 decks)

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