Review

Question 1

Paresis/paralysis, normal/increased muscle tone, and minimal atrophy are signs of what type of lesion?

Answer 1

UMN

Question 2

Paralysis/paresis, absent/decreased tone, and severe atrophy are signs of what type of lesion?

Answer 2

LMN

Question 3

How do we treat an UMN bladder?

Answer 3

Phenoxybenzamine; prazosin; or flomax (tamulosin)

Question 4

How do we treat a LMN bladder?

Answer 4

PPA; bethanocol

Question 5

Irish wolfhound presents for acute non-progressive pain after exercise with no history of trauma with the following:

• normal mental status
• normal sensation in all legs
• normal cranial nerves
• pelvic limb hyporeflexia
• absent tone in pelvic limbs

What do these signs suggest?

Answer 5

FCE

Question 6

T or F:

Lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy is used for treatment of DM with good results.

Answer 6

FALSE; there is no treatment for DM. Supportive care is important, until euthanasia is necessary.

Question 7

GSD presents for lumbosacral pain with difficulty rising and negotiating stairs, with the following:

• normal mental status
• pain with deep palpation of lumbosacral area (tail jack)
• normal cranial nerves
• pseudohyperreflexia of the patellar reflex
• decreased cranial tibial and perineal reflexes
• absent tone in pelvic limbs

What should we be thinking?

Answer 7

Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis (Cauda Equina Syndrome)

Question 8

What is the best test for generalized Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 8

Detection of AchR antibodies

Question 9

A mixed breed dog presents for head tilt and nystagmus with the following:

• CP: tetraparesis
• depressed mental status
• normal sensation in all legs
• hyperreflexia in TL and PL
• horizontal, rotary, and vertical nystagmus - slow phase twd the right

What do these signs suggest?

Answer 9

Central Vestibular Dz; vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata

Question 10

Phenobarbital is the first drug of choice for treating seizures, but it may cause weight gain and microsomal enzyme induction so dose should be re-checked. Bromide may be used as an add on treatment, but when would phenobarbital be contraindicated?

Answer 10

In LIVER dz

Question 11

What is Schiff-Sherrington?

Answer 11

characterized by rigid extension of the thoracic limbs in patients in patients with T2-L4 spinal cord dysfunction. This posture occurs when there is severe injury to ascending inhibitory neurons in the cranial lumbar spinal cord or to their axons that project cranially to synapse on lower motor neurons to the thoracic limbs. Disinhibition of thoracic limb lower motor neurons leads to increased muscle tone and rigid thoracic limbs.

Question 12

A dog that presents with depression, altered behavior, circling to the left, absent menace reflex on the right… where does he/she have a lesion?

Answer 12

Left cerebral cortex

Question 13

Great Dane presents with LMN signs in all 4 limbs, tetraparesis, and decreased tone in all 4 limbs. What is wrong?

Answer 13

Coonhound paralysis

Question 14

Broad based stance, dysmetria, ataxia, and intention tremors are what type of signs?

Answer 14

Cerebellar

Question 15

What nerve does the extensor carpi radialis reflex test?

Answer 15

Radial n. ; observe for extension of carpal joint

Question 16

What nerve does the cranial tibialis reflex test?

Answer 16

Sciatic nerve

Question 17

The level where the pan oculus reflex disappears may assist in locating the lesion, particularly between what vertebrae?

Answer 17

T2 and T9

Question 18

How should you treat shock and other life threatening conditions associated with vertebral fractures luxation?

Answer 18

Colloidal solutions: hetastarch and regular fluids (NO lactated ringers)

Question 19

How should we reduce spinal cord edema ONCE hypovolemia has been corrected?

Answer 19

20% mannitol

Question 20

What is the only case in which LMN signs resolve (over 24hrs) and are replaced with UMN signs?

Answer 20

Vertebral fractures and luxations

Question 21

What signs in the bladder may accompany vertebral fractures/luxations?

Answer 21

LMN