review 3 PP Flashcards
In the brain, the supporting tissue, which replaces any area of neural damage, is made up of which of the following?
glial cells
A 72 year old man stumbles and fractures his right neck of femur. An operation is performed to fix the fracture. Reemings are taken from the fracture site at the time of operation and are sent for histological examination. The histology report describes the presence of malignant cells.
Which tumour is the patient most likely to have?
Prostate carcinoma
The five cancers that most commonly spread to bone are breast, bronchus, kidney, thyroid and prostate. The patient is a man so is more likely to have prostate cancer than breast cancer. Osteosarcomas arise in bone and can lead to fractures but they usually occur in children and teenagers, this man is 72 years old.
A 26 year old butcher slips holding a knife and badly cuts his arm. The bleeding from the wound stops within 10 minutes due to the process of haemostasis
What sequence of events occurs during this physiological process?
Arteries contract, a platelet plug forms, fibrin filaments accumulate and trap red blood cells.
CORRECT – This is the correct sequence of events in haemostasis. The severed artery contracts, not enough to stop the bleeding but enough to decrease the pressure downstream (contraction doesn’t occur in veins but the pressure in them is much lower). A primary haemostatic plug of activated platelets then forms at the hole in the vessel, sticking to the injured vessel and the connective tissue outside it. This is fragile but may control the bleeding and forms in seconds to minutes. The secondary haemostatic plug of fibrin filaments forms as fibrin filaments stabilise the friable platelet plug into a blood clot. This forms in approximately 30 minutes.
A 47 year old man notices a lump in his neck. This is thought by his GP to be a lymph node. The GP arranges for a biopsy to be taken. The histological appearance of the biopsy is shown in the attached picture.
What type of necrosis is seen in this picture?
Caseous
The picture shows a granuloma in the middle of which is amorphous debris. This is caseous necrosis and the man is likely to have tuberculosis.
A 68 year old man presents to his GP complaining of a frequent need to urinate. He struggles to start (hesitancy) and his stream is also weak. Upon digital rectal examination the GP determines that the man has an enlarged prostate which is likely compressing his prostatic urethra.
Digital rectal examination
How will the smooth muscle cells in the man’s bladder adapt to his chronic condition?
Undergo hypertrophy
The man’s urethra is being compressed as a result of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, where the prostate cells of the transitional cells undergo hyperplasia to the extent that the tissue begins to compress the urethra. This compression makes it more difficult for the bladder smooth muscle to force urine through the urethra past the blockage. Whilst some of the man’s bladder smooth muscle cells may undergo hyperplasia, the primary mechanism by which these cells will adapt to blockage is to undergo hypertrophy. This is because, by undergoing hypertrophy, the muscle cells can contract with more force, increasing the ability of the bladder to pass urine past the blockage.
A 59 year old man presents to the accident and emergency department with a very painful right leg which is pale and cold to the touch. No popliteal or dorsalis pedis pulse can be detected. The patient has a history of atrial fibrillation and the doctor suspects that a thromboembolus may have lodged in the man’s right popliteal artery leading to ischaemic hypoxia of the man’s leg.
Inhibition of which protein would lead to a build up of intracellular Ca2+ in this type of hypoxia?
NCX
what cell is this
macrophage
A patient is admitted to hospital for treatment following findings of a metastatic tumour in the lung and a raised serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein).
The patient is most likely to be a:
Man with a testicular teratoma
Serum AFP is raised in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (not hepatomas) and non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. It is not raised in patients with ovarian carcinomas. Most ovarian teratomas are benign whereas most testicular teratomas are malignant. From the options given, the patient is therefore most likely to be a man with a testicular teratoma.
what is CA 19-9
for pancreatic cancer
