formative review

Question 1

what is released after MI

Answer 1

Troponin I or T

Question 2

In addition to fat, what else can accumulate within hepatocytes in patients who drink alcohol to excess?

Answer 2

Mallory’s hyaline

Question 3

Cirrhosis of the liver can eventually develop in alcoholics. How does cirrhosis appear histologically?

Answer 3

Bands of fibrosis surrounding nodules of regenerating hepatocytes

Question 4

what is an opsonin

Answer 4

A substance that coats foreign materials and makes them easier to phagocytose

Question 5

opsonin examples

Answer 5

C3b
 C4b
 C1q
 IgG antibody
 IgM antibody
 Pentraxins
 Collectins
 Ficolins

Question 6

how does an exudate form last step

Answer 6

As plasma proteins have passed into the extravascular space the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure increases and this holds the fluid in the extravascular space.

Question 7

how does the body protect against free radicals

Answer 7

Anti-oxidant scavengers such as vitamins A, C and E. They donate an electrons to the free radical and therefore neutralise it
Proteins that sequester iron and copper (transferrin and ceruloplasmin) and prevent them catalysing the production of free radicals
Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase that neutralise free radicals

Question 8

what are chemotaxis and diapedesis

Answer 8

Chemotaxis is the directional movement towards (or away from) a chemical attractant (1 mark)
ii) Diapedesis is the passage of blood cells through intact blood vessel walls (1 mark)

Question 9

Answer 9

lymphocyte B or T

Question 10

Answer 10

macrophage

Question 11

Crohns

What is present in lamina propria and name cells present

Answer 11

Epithelioid histiocytes (accept histiocytes or macrophages) (1 mark)
 Giant cells (accept Langhans giant cells or foreign body giant cells) (1 mark)
 Lymphocytes

Question 12

where are granuloma seen

Answer 12

Tuberculosis
 Syphilis
 Leprosy
 Cat scratch disease
 Sarcoidosis
 Wegener’s granulomatosis
 Aspergillosis
Crohns

Question 13

why is granulation tissue so red

Answer 13

Because it contains many small (developing) blood vessels

Question 14

why are scars stretched

Answer 14

elastic fibres do not regenerate

Question 15

What are abdominal adhesions?

Answer 15

Bands of fibrous tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs

Question 16

histology of paracetamol OD

Answer 16

An area of coagulative necrosis where the cellular architecture is preserved and where there is a ‘ghost outline’ of necrotic cells

Question 17

why is a woman in late pregnancy predisposed to DVT

Answer 17

In pregnancy the blood is hypercoagulable (1 mark) and the presence of a pelvic mass (in this case, the baby) can compress venous outflow from the legs resulting in venous stasis (1 mark)

Question 18

why is heparin better than warfarin

Answer 18

Warfarin takes a few days to become effective.
Low molecular weight heparin is effective almost immediately

Question 19

what is a saddle embolus

Answer 19

A large embolus that straddles the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery.