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Path pro > PP review > Flashcards

PP review Flashcards

1
Q

What do dark purple blebs mean

A

dystrophic calcifications (often in atheromatous plaques)

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2
Q

What type of necrosis occurs in the pancreas

A

fat necrosis

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3
Q

What type of necrosis occurs in the liver

A

coagulative Necrosis (ghost outline)

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4
Q

What happens in infarction

A

Na+, water and Ca2+ increase

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5
Q

Pyknosis is

A

irreversible

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6
Q

Calcification is usually dystrophic hence

A

normal serum calcium and normal serum phosphate

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7
Q

HSPs in unstressed cells

A

expressed in low cons

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8
Q

What is Mallory’s hyaline

A

damaged keratin filaments seen in alcoholic liver disease

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9
Q

What is an example of anaemic hypoxia

A

decreased ability of Hb to carry oxygen e.g. CO poisoning

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10
Q

Cyanide poisoning is a form of

A

histiotoxic hypoxia

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11
Q

Keratinocytes undergo mitosis in the

A

basal layer- deepest layer,

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12
Q

What is filariasis

A

round worms, weight loss, dry coughs, eosinophils

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13
Q

What is pertussis

A

whooping cough

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14
Q

Syphilis symptoms

A

skin

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15
Q

Tb symptom

A

productive cough

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16
Q

Chronic inflammation leads to

A

atrophy (cell shrinkage)

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17
Q

Aplasia means

A

failure to develop

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18
Q

Granulomatous inflammation can occur in non infective conditions such as

A

splinter

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19
Q

TNF stimulates

A

migration and proliferation of fibroblasts

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20
Q

keloid scars are rare on the

A

eyelids

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21
Q

UV light and wound healing

A

not known to adversely affect it

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22
Q

Use of what impairs healing

A

polyfilament structures

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23
Q

Vascularity of graduation tissue over time

A

decreases

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24
Q

Corticosteroids and wound healing

A

immunosuppressive and inhibit collagen synthesis so inhibit wound healing

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25
Q

Aspirin mechanism of action

A

inhibits cyclooxygenase so it cannot form thromboaxane A2

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26
Q

What type of condition is DIC

A

thrombophilila

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27
Q

Which blood test is abnormal in PE

A

D dimer

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28
Q

In the case of a low platelet count, what would be detected

A

Bleeding time (not APTT and PT)

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29
Q

Symptoms of embolus in carotid artery

A

hemiparesis and hemisensory loss due to stroke

30
Q

What do statins do

A

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase- enzyme involved in formation of cholesterol

31
Q

What is leriche syndrome

A

aortoiliac occlusive disease as a result of atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta
Pain in buttocks and thighs, erectile dysfunction

32
Q

What can occur secondary to atherosclerosis

A

Impotence (arteries supplying penis are narrowed)

Colitis (arteries supplying colon are narrowed)

33
Q

Physical examination related to TIA

A

Cardiac Bruit - whooshing sound heard over carotid artery in systole, indicates stenosis and plaque

34
Q

Which types of blood vessels are affected by atherosclerosis

A

Elastic arteries and muscular arteries

35
Q

Symptoms of BPH

A

Urinary retention, nocturia, poor urine stream

36
Q

What arrests the cell cycle

A

Activation of the restriction point (one of the cell cycle check points, R, indicates that the cell has sensed some damage to its DNA)

37
Q

What can cause left ventricular hypertrophy

A

systemic hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, mitral regurgitation and exercise

38
Q

what cellular processes don’t lead to neoplasia usually

A

atrophy and hypertrophy

39
Q

Describe a carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of non-glandular epithelium, for example in skin or kidneys

40
Q

Describe a papilloma

A

Benign neoplasm of non-glandular epithelium

41
Q

Things that end in oma that are not neoplasms

A 
Atheroma 
Glaucoma 
Granulona 
Haematoma 
Lipoma
42
Q

What is an anaplastic tumour

A

One that is very poorly differentiated

43
Q

What does annular mean

A

Tumour encircles wall like a napkin ring

Particularly associated with bowel obstruction

44
Q

What are sessile tumours

A

Raised but flat

45
Q

What are papillary tumours

A

Finger like projections

46
Q

What are polyploid tumours

A

Exophytic mass often on a stalk

47
Q

Appearance of squamous cell carcinoma on microscopy

A

Nests of pale pink cells - keratinisation in centre

No glandular structures

48
Q

What is the commonest cancer in men

A

Prostate, lung, large bowel, bladder, lymphoma

49
Q

Which lung tumour is most likely to produce ADH

A

Small cell carcinoma

50
Q

What is the most likely primary tumour in a case of firm lymph node in left supra clavicular fossa

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

51
Q

What cancer is most likely in lump in right axilla

A

Breast cancer

52
Q

Osteosarcomas patient factors

A

Usually occur in children and teenagers

53
Q

Which tumour is a patient most likely to have that spread to bone

A 
Breast 
Bronchus 
Kidney 
Thyroid
Prostate
54
Q

What does carcinomatosis mean

A

Extensive metastatic diseas

55
Q

What does p53 do

A

Encodes a transcription factor that repairs damaged DNA in S phase

Initiates apoptosis if DNA cannot be repaired

56
Q

Common sites for initial metastasis through bloodstream

A

Brain and liver

Very vascular with many capillaries

57
Q

Which tumour marker is used to monitor ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

58
Q

Significance of lower back pain in prostate cancer

A

Through bloodstream causing sclerotic bone lesions

59
Q

Cancer risk due to extrinsic factors

A

85%

60
Q

Second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking

A

Radon

61
Q

Normal function of protein altered in bilateral retinoblastoma

A

RB gene

Inhibit cell cycle progression

62
Q

Malignancy associated with Paget’s disease (high rate of turnover of bone)

A

Osteosarcoma

63
Q

FAP requiring collectomy- germ line mutation in which gene

A

APC

64
Q

Schistosomiasis leads to

A

Squamous cell cervinomanof bladder

65
Q

Serum AFP raised in

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumour such as testicular teratoma

66
Q

Most important factor for prognosis

A

Stage- presence of lymph node metastasis

67
Q

Are mitosis seen in benign tumours

A

No

68
Q

What cannot be seen in benign tumours

A

Atypical mitosis

Anaplasia

69
Q

What 2 things can also be present in benign tumours

A

Haemorrhage

Necrosis

70
Q

What cancer is very rare in kids

A

Carcinoma

71
Q

Purpose of more fluid in interstitial space during cellulitis

A

To initiate an immune response by antigens on pathogens being presented to lymphocytes. bring the antigen to the immune cells in the lymph nodes

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