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Path pro > PP review > Flashcards

PP review Flashcards

1
Q

What do dark purple blebs mean

A

dystrophic calcifications (often in atheromatous plaques)

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2
Q

What type of necrosis occurs in the pancreas

A

fat necrosis

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3
Q

What type of necrosis occurs in the liver

A

coagulative Necrosis (ghost outline)

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4
Q

What happens in infarction

A

Na+, water and Ca2+ increase

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5
Q

Pyknosis is

A

irreversible

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6
Q

Calcification is usually dystrophic hence

A

normal serum calcium and normal serum phosphate

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7
Q

HSPs in unstressed cells

A

expressed in low cons

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8
Q

What is Mallory’s hyaline

A

damaged keratin filaments seen in alcoholic liver disease

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9
Q

What is an example of anaemic hypoxia

A

decreased ability of Hb to carry oxygen e.g. CO poisoning

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10
Q

Cyanide poisoning is a form of

A

histiotoxic hypoxia

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11
Q

Keratinocytes undergo mitosis in the

A

basal layer- deepest layer,

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12
Q

What is filariasis

A

round worms, weight loss, dry coughs, eosinophils

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13
Q

What is pertussis

A

whooping cough

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14
Q

Syphilis symptoms

A

skin

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15
Q

Tb symptom

A

productive cough

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16
Q

Chronic inflammation leads to

A

atrophy (cell shrinkage)

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17
Q

Aplasia means

A

failure to develop

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18
Q

Granulomatous inflammation can occur in non infective conditions such as

A

splinter

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19
Q

TNF stimulates

A

migration and proliferation of fibroblasts

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20
Q

keloid scars are rare on the

A

eyelids

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21
Q

UV light and wound healing

A

not known to adversely affect it

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22
Q

Use of what impairs healing

A

polyfilament structures

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23
Q

Vascularity of graduation tissue over time

A

decreases

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24
Q

Corticosteroids and wound healing

A

immunosuppressive and inhibit collagen synthesis so inhibit wound healing

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25
Aspirin mechanism of action
inhibits cyclooxygenase so it cannot form thromboaxane A2
26
What type of condition is DIC
thrombophilila
27
Which blood test is abnormal in PE
D dimer
28
In the case of a low platelet count, what would be detected
Bleeding time (not APTT and PT)
29
Symptoms of embolus in carotid artery
hemiparesis and hemisensory loss due to stroke
30
What do statins do
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase- enzyme involved in formation of cholesterol
31
What is leriche syndrome
aortoiliac occlusive disease as a result of atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta Pain in buttocks and thighs, erectile dysfunction
32
What can occur secondary to atherosclerosis
Impotence (arteries supplying penis are narrowed) | Colitis (arteries supplying colon are narrowed)
33
Physical examination related to TIA
Cardiac Bruit - whooshing sound heard over carotid artery in systole, indicates stenosis and plaque
34
Which types of blood vessels are affected by atherosclerosis
Elastic arteries and muscular arteries
35
Symptoms of BPH
Urinary retention, nocturia, poor urine stream
36
What arrests the cell cycle
Activation of the restriction point (one of the cell cycle check points, R, indicates that the cell has sensed some damage to its DNA)
37
What can cause left ventricular hypertrophy
systemic hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, mitral regurgitation and exercise
38
what cellular processes don't lead to neoplasia usually
atrophy and hypertrophy
39
Describe a carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of non-glandular epithelium, for example in skin or kidneys
40
Describe a papilloma
Benign neoplasm of non-glandular epithelium
41
Things that end in oma that are not neoplasms
``` Atheroma Glaucoma Granulona Haematoma Lipoma ```
42
What is an anaplastic tumour
One that is very poorly differentiated
43
What does annular mean
Tumour encircles wall like a napkin ring Particularly associated with bowel obstruction
44
What are sessile tumours
Raised but flat
45
What are papillary tumours
Finger like projections
46
What are polyploid tumours
Exophytic mass often on a stalk
47
Appearance of squamous cell carcinoma on microscopy
Nests of pale pink cells - keratinisation in centre No glandular structures
48
What is the commonest cancer in men
Prostate, lung, large bowel, bladder, lymphoma
49
Which lung tumour is most likely to produce ADH
Small cell carcinoma
50
What is the most likely primary tumour in a case of firm lymph node in left supra clavicular fossa
Gastric adenocarcinoma
51
What cancer is most likely in lump in right axilla
Breast cancer
52
Osteosarcomas patient factors
Usually occur in children and teenagers
53
Which tumour is a patient most likely to have that spread to bone
``` Breast Bronchus Kidney Thyroid Prostate ```
54
What does carcinomatosis mean
Extensive metastatic diseas
55
What does p53 do
Encodes a transcription factor that repairs damaged DNA in S phase Initiates apoptosis if DNA cannot be repaired
56
Common sites for initial metastasis through bloodstream
Brain and liver Very vascular with many capillaries
57
Which tumour marker is used to monitor ovarian cancer
CA-125
58
Significance of lower back pain in prostate cancer
Through bloodstream causing sclerotic bone lesions
59
Cancer risk due to extrinsic factors
85%
60
Second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking
Radon
61
Normal function of protein altered in bilateral retinoblastoma
RB gene | Inhibit cell cycle progression
62
Malignancy associated with Paget’s disease (high rate of turnover of bone)
Osteosarcoma
63
FAP requiring collectomy- germ line mutation in which gene
APC
64
Schistosomiasis leads to
Squamous cell cervinomanof bladder
65
Serum AFP raised in
Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumour such as testicular teratoma
66
Most important factor for prognosis
Stage- presence of lymph node metastasis
67
Are mitosis seen in benign tumours
No
68
What cannot be seen in benign tumours
Atypical mitosis | Anaplasia
69
What 2 things can also be present in benign tumours
Haemorrhage | Necrosis
70
What cancer is very rare in kids
Carcinoma
71
Purpose of more fluid in interstitial space during cellulitis
To initiate an immune response by antigens on pathogens being presented to lymphocytes. bring the antigen to the immune cells in the lymph nodes

Path pro (4 decks)

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