Review 2

Question 1

Nucleic acids

Answer 1

RNA or DNA

A macromolecule that is composed of repeating nucleotide units

Question 2

Nucleotides

Answer 2

• form the repeating structural unit of nucleic acids
• composed of a sugar, one or more phosphates, and nitrogen-containing base

Question 3

Double helix

Answer 3

helical structure formed when two strands of DNA (and sometimes RNA) bind to each other

folding and bending of double helix leads to three dimensional structure

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

• structures within living cell that contain genetic material
• genes phsyically located within this structure
• contain very long segment of DNA (genetic material) and proteins(bound to DNA and give it structure)

Question 5

Deoxyribose

Answer 5

sugar found in DNA

Question 6

Ribose

Answer 6

sugar found in RNA

Question 7

explain the connections of nucleotides

Answer 7

• bases are attached on the 1’ carbon atom of sugar, and phosphate groups are attached to the 5’ position
• 3’ OH groups allow covalent bonds between nucleotides

Question 8

nucleoside

Answer 8

• structure in which a base is attached only to a sugar, with no phosphate attached to the sugar

Question 9

Genome

Answer 9

all the genetic material that a cell, an organism, or a species can possess

Question 10

gene

Answer 10

• a unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of a trait in anorganism
• at the molecular level, it is a segment of DNA that contains the info to make a functional product, either RNA or a polypeptide

Question 11

traits

Answer 11

• observable characteristics of an organism
• specific properties of a character
• CONTROLLED BY genes and the environment
• morphological traits affect the appearance of an organism(red or white flowers)
• Physiological traits affect the ability of an organism to function(rate at which bacterium metabolizes sugar)
• behavioral traits are those that affect an organism’s behavior(bird mating call)

Question 12

Four major, large cellular molecules

Answer 12

• nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 13

nucleic acids

Answer 13

• DNA or RNA, made of repeating nucleotide units

Question 14

protein

Answer 14

a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides

Question 15

Carbohydrates

Answer 15

• organic molecules with the general formula Cn(H2O)n
• example: glucose
• large carbohydrates have multiple sugar units

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

• general name for organic molecules that are insoluble in water
• found vastly in cell membranes

Question 17

Examples of macromolecules

Answer 17

• proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  (many repeating units/small building blocks for parts)

Question 18

Describe how cellular structures come together from molecules and macromolecules

Answer 18

• nucleotides linked to become DNA, a macromolecule
• DNA in chromosomes, which also contain proteins to contribute to chromosome structure
• chromosomes in nucleus in eukaryotes, bounded by membrane of lipids and proteins

Question 19

proteome

Answer 19

• the collection of all proteins that a given cell or species can make

Question 20

Enzyme

Answer 20

a protein that functions to accelerate chemical reactions within the cell

Question 21

polypeptide

Answer 21

• sequence of amino acids that is the product of mRNA translation
• one or more polypeptides fold and associate with each other to form a functional protein

Question 21

Genetic code

Answer 21

• correspondence between a codon and the functional role that the codon plays during translation
• each codon specifies a particular amino acid or the end of translation

Question 22

codon

Answer 22

• sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that functions in translation
• start codon methionine initiates translation
• stop codons terminate translation
• other codons specify the amino acids within a polypeptide sequence according to the genetic code

Question 23

Amino acids

Answer 23

• building block of polypeptides and proteins
• contains amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain
  -sequence in polypeptides causes it to fold into particular structure; one or more of them forms a functional protein

Question 24

Gene expression

Answer 24

• the process in which the info within a gene is accessed, first to synthesize RNA and usually polypeptides, and eventually to affect the phenotype of the organism

Question 25

Transcription

Answer 25

syntehsizing RNA from a DNA template

Question 26

mRNA

Answer 26

• messenger RNA
• a type of RNA that contains the info for the synthesis of a particular polypeptide

Question 27

Translation

Answer 27

• synthesis of polypeptide using the information contained in the codons of an mRNA

Question 28

Molecular level

Answer 28

• with regard to gene expression, the level of observation at which genes affect the molecular properties of an organism

(example is molecular process of transcription and translation lead to production of a particular protein)

Question 29

Cellular level

Answer 29

• with regard to gene expression, the level of observation at which genes affect the traits of cells

(the function of proteins within a cell affects the structure and function of the cell)

Question 30

organism level

Answer 30

the level of observation or experimentation that involves a whole organism

Question 31

Population level

Answer 31

level of observation or experimentation that involves a population of organisms

(species maintain distinctive set of attributes in nature)

Question 32

Alleles

Answer 32

an alternative form of a specific gene

Question 33

Comparison of gene affect levels of pigmentation

Answer 33

• at the molecular level, pigmentation gene produces certain amount of pigment; slight differences in DNA sequences can lead to variation in function of the enzymes
• at the cellular level, the differences between the enzymes affect the amount of pigment produced
• at the organism level, the amount of pigmentation in the cells leads to the color on the wings
• at the population level, the differences between wing coloration variation are observed, with predation being a suspect of different coloration

Question 34

Gene mutation

Answer 34

• relatively small heritable change that affects only a single gene

Question 35

Norm of reaction

Answer 35

effects of environmental variation on a phenotype