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KNPE327 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic nerve activity

A

Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase CO
Increase flow for venous return
Constrict arterioles (decrease conductance)

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2
Q

Parasympathetic nerve activity

A

Decrease HR

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3
Q

Metaboreceptors

A

Sense changes in metabolites (H+ and Pi)
If metabolites increase, it increases
Activate the medulla

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4
Q

Feedback control

A

Metaboreceptors
Baroreceptors

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5
Q

Feedforward control

A

Mechanoreceptors
Motor outflow/drive
(both activate medulla)

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6
Q

Baroreceptor

A

Sense changes in MAP
Increase with increasing blood pressure
Inhibit the medulla

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7
Q

Medulla

A

Activates SNA
Inhibits PNA

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8
Q

What happens to arterioles with increasing intensity?

A

Dilation

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9
Q

Blood flow and metabolism

A

Blood flow increases in proportion to metabolism

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10
Q

Theory 1: The vasodilator hypothesis

A

As metabolism increases so do the bi-products (vasodilators) such as extracellular K+, adenosine, CO2, Lactate and H+
These cause vasodilation which cause increased blood flow

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11
Q

Theory 2: O2/nutrient lack theory

A

Decreased O2 availability causes there to be less ATP in the arterioles and therefore smooth muscle relaxation occurs
This causes increased dilation and conductance = Increased blood flow

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12
Q

Submaximal exercise in hypoxic air

A

DO2 can be restored due to a large enough compensatory increase in dilation and therefor blood flow

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13
Q

Peak exercise in hypoxic air

A

DO2 cannot be fully compensated for my increased blood flow

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14
Q

Ways to increase VO2 max

A
  1. Increase blood flow, increase CO, increase DO2
  2. Increase O2 extraction by increasing CaO2
  3. Increase capillary density
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15
Q

The impact of hypoxia on a-vO2 difference

A

Decreases due to decreased CaO2

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16
Q

Ventilation

A

Increases PaO2
Inhibits PaCO2

17
Q

PaO2

A

Inhibits peripheral chemoreceptors

18
Q

PaCO2

A

Activates peripheral chemorecptors

19
Q

H+

A

Directly activates both peripheral and central chemoreceptors

20
Q

Feedback control of ventilation

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors

21
Q

Feedforward control of ventilation

A

Mechanoreceptors and motor outflow
Activate the respiratory control centre
Triggers ventilation

22
Q

Key characteristics of substrate use during exercise

A
  1. Increasing intensity increases carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Increasing duration increases fatty acid metabolism
  3. Training increases fatty acid metabolism at a given intensity
23
Q

Increased intensity and increased carbohydrate metabolism

A

Increased intensity increases ADP
ADP activates glycolysis which triggers the PDH reaction to provide acetylCoA for the TCA cycle

24
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

The PDH reaction produces CO2
High maximal power
If this increases RER increases

25
Q

Increased duration and training and increased fatty acid metabolism

A

Fat metabolism creates Acetyl CoA via beta oxidation which can enter the Krebs cycle
Increases aerobic ATP production and decreases outflow from ADP
Less ADP= less activation of glycolysis
Less reliance on carbohydrate metabolism

26
Q

Fatty acid metabolism

A

Low maximal power
Creation of acetyl CoA vis beta oxidation

27
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio

A

VCO2/VO2
Carbohydrate metabolism increases the ratio
Fatty acid metabolism decreases the ratio

28
Q

Radegran

A

HR, MAP and BF increase with increasing exercise intensity

29
Q

Koskolou

A

In submaximal exercise reduced O2 bc of hypoxia can be fully compensated by increases in BF
In maximal exercise it can’t
a-vO2 diff decreased w hypoxia

30
Q

Montero

A

*haematological= central
VO2 peak and Qpeak (CO) increased following endurance training and decreased after phlebotomy (removal of red blood cells)
No change in a-vO2 diff

31
Q

Gallagher

A

During exercise the baroreceptors reset to maintain a higher MAP
MAP and HR increase

32
Q

Prefaut

A

MA showed a significant drop in PaO2 with increasing intensity (similar trend in SaO2), this drop occurred earlier
YA showed a slight drop in PaO2 with increasing intensity (similar trend in SaO2
MA had lower max load and VO2 max \
Aging potentiates exercise induced hypoxemia

33
Q

Hurley

A

Post training, energy from carbohydrates decreased and energy from fats increased
RER decreased after training

34
Q

Van Loon

A

With increasing exercise intensity there was a reduction in the contribution of FFA metabolism to energy expenditure and an increase in contribution of CHO metabolism

35
Q

Cutrufello

A

Exercise in high particulate matter decreased total work and flow mediated dilation and increased pulmonary arterial pressure
Particulate matter (PM) decreases ventilation and decreases O2 transport by vasoconstriction

36
Q

Peronnet

A

The energetic state of a muscle is a more imp determinant of fuel selection than fuel availability
The contribution of CHO oxidation was higher in hypoxia than normoxia

37
Q

What has a smaller effect on CaO2

A

PaO2 compared with Hb

KNPE327 (6 decks)

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